Far away in Baghdad, the current Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, had long been planning to depose the Umayyad who dared to call himself emir of al-Andalus.

In 750 the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyad caliph and shifted the capital to Baghdad, with emirs retaining nominal control over the Libyan coast on behalf of the far-distant caliph.

The tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, built a palatial complex known as Khirbet al-Mafjar about one mile north of Tell as-Sultan in 743, and two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items from it can still be seen in situ today, despite its having been partially destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus.

The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers.

However, the Umayyad caliph Umar II later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remains in practice in present day Saudi Arabia.

Mecca re-entered Islamic political history briefly when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs and again when the caliph Yazid I besieged Mecca in 683.

In 718, the Umayyad caliph Umar II strictly forbade collection of jizya from Muslim converts.

* After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 743 – 744 ).

* February 6 – Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

* Umayyad caliph al-Walid II dies and is succeeded by his brother Yazid III, who dies shortly after.

* April 16 – al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

* Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 720 – 724 ) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ).

* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Umayyad caliph ( b. 646 )

* Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.

* Yazid I, Umayyad caliph

* The Umayyad caliph Marwan I ( 684 – 685 ) is succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 685 – 705 ).

* Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph ( b. 674 )

* Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.

* Suleiman II is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.

* Abd-ar-Rahman IV succeeds Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.

* October 3 or October 4 – Yazid III, Umayyad Caliph ( b. 701 )

* Yazid I, a caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty

Hussein is highly regarded by Shia as a martyr because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph.

Husayn opposed Yazid I and declared that Umayyad rule was not only oppressive, but also religiously misguided.

Husayn in his path toward Kufa encounteredhe army of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa, led by Hurr ibn Yazid Riyahi, A top commander in the Umayyad army who later changed sides.

' Yazīd ibn Mu ‘ āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, ( 23 July 645 – 11 November 683 ), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate ( and the first one by birthright ).

Muawiya II was born on 28 March 661 and was the son of Yazid I of the Umayyad dynasty and on his mother's side a descendent of the Quraysh tribe in the Hejaz.

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II ( 687 – 26 January 724 ) () was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.

His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective.

Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II ( 706 – 17 April 744 ) () was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744.

Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn ' Abd al-Malik or Yazid III ( 701 – 25 September 744 ) () was an Umayyad caliph.

The prisoners were next sent to the court of Yazid, Umayyad caliph, in Damascus, where one of his Syrian followers asked for Husayn's daughter Faṭimah al-Kubra, and once again it was Zaynab who came to the rescue and protected her honour.

His visit coincided with that of the surviving female members of the Prophet's family and Husayn's son and heir Imam Zain-ul-Abideen, who had all been held captive in Damascus by Yazid I, the Umayyad Caliph.

Yazid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.

Yazid III becomes Umayyad Caliph and dies the same year.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

Caliph Al-Walid I had paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad Caliphate era ( the second major Arab dynasty after Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of Al-Andalus ).

The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus.

After the victory of blossameg Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. Leo was appointed commander ( stratēgos ) of the Anatolic theme by Emperor Anastasius II.

After the establishment of a local Emirate, Caliph Al-Walid I, ruler of the Umayyad caliphate, removed many of the successful Muslim commanders.

* Abd-ar-Rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty.

* November – al-Andalus: the Umayyad emir, al-Hakam I, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797 ; to this effect the emir has over 700 locals killed in what came to be known as the " day of the trench ".

* Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and re-establishes the Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba in modern Spain.

* Abd-ar-rahman I, founder of the Spanish Umayyad dynasty

* Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated ; with his assassination the Rashidun Caliphate ends and Muawiyah I founds the Umayyad caliphate.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I begins the Great Mosque of Damascus.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I is succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Muhammad I of Córdoba, leader of the Umayyad dynasty

The tomb of Prophet Muhammad later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I.

The Umayyad dynasty was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where Abd ar-Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.