* The Continental Army of 1781-82 saw the greatest crisis on the American side in the war.

Dickinson lived at Poplar Hall, for extended periods only in 1776-77 and 1781-82.

Painted by Charles Willson Peale during the winter of 1781-82 ( oil ; Independence National Historical Park.

In 1781-82 Joseph issued a Patent of Toleration, followed by an Edict of Tolerance which granted Protestants and Orthodox Christians full civil rights and Jews freedom of worship.

The date of the room is assigned to 1781-82, and Rousseau's authorship of much of its decoration is rendered certain by his own still-existing sketch.

With a screen of tiny dots on each printing plate, the dots allowed an image to be printed in a halftone that appears to the eye in different gradations.

This enabled lines to be more deeply bitten, prolonging the life of the plate in printing, and also greatly reducing the risk of " foul-biting ", where acid gets through the ground to the plate where it is not intended to, producing spots or blotches on the image.

Lithography ( from Greek λίθος-lithos, ' stone ' + γράφειν-graphein, ' to write ') is a method for printing using a stone ( lithographic limestone ) or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface.

The image can be printed directly from the stone plate ( the orientation of the image is reversed ), or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet ( rubber ) for printing and publication.

As a printing technology, lithography is different from intaglio printing ( gravure ), wherein a plate is either engraved, etched, or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink ; and woodblock printing, and letterpress printing, wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image.

This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer and more detailed print runs than the older physical methods of printing ( e. g., intaglio printing, letterpress printing ).

The plate is affixed to a cylinder on a printing press.

Many innovations and technical refinements have been made in printing processes and presses over the years, including the development of presses with multiple units ( each containing one printing plate ) that can print multi-color images in one pass on both sides of the sheet, and presses that accommodate continuous rolls ( webs ) of paper, known as web presses.

The development of the digital platesetter during the late 20th century eliminated film negatives altogether by exposing printing plates directly from digital input, a process known as computer to plate printing.

Early stamp images were almost always produced from engravings — a design etched into a steel die, which was then hardened and whose impression was transferred to a printing plate.

The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper ( often moistened to soften it ).

This enabled lines to be more deeply bitten, prolonging the life of the plate in printing, and also greatly reducing the risk of " foul-biting ", where acid gets through the ground to the plate where it is not intended to, producing spots or blotches on the image.

" In printing, the tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean.

Very angry at Woodruff, the governor used his personal influence to have the printing contract withdrawn from The Gazette and awarded to the lowest bidder, which, by a strange coincidence, happened to be Pike's Advocate.

Such an instrument is expected to be especially useful if it could be used to measure the elasticity of heavy pastes such as printing inks, paints, adhesives, molten plastics, and bread dough, for the elasticity is related to those various properties termed `` length '', `` shortness '', `` spinnability '', etc., which are usually judged by subjective methods at present.

In 1910, Babbage's son Henry Prevost Babbage reported that a part of the mill and the printing apparatus had been constructed and had been used to calculate a ( faulty ) list of multiples of pi.

The Byzantine text-type was used for the 16th century Textus Receptus, the first Greek-language version of the New Testament to be printed by the printing press.

Specialist acrylics have been manufactured and used for lino block printing ( acrylic block printing ink produced by Derivan since the early 1980s ), face painting, airbrushing, water color techniques, and fabric screen printing.

These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press ; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe.

** Mold-assisted reconstruction Made using laser scanning and 3D printing, a patient-specific silicone mold can be used as an aid during surgery.

Bíró had noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge free.

Solid ink printers are most commonly used as colour office printers, and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media.

An overview of impact printing contains a detailed description of many of the technologies used.

The Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known " golf ball " printing mechanism.

Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications like cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing.

The fact that they use an impact printing method allows them to be used to print multi-part documents using carbonless copy paper, like sales invoices and credit card receipts, whereas other printing methods are unusable with paper of this type.

Line printers were the fastest of all impact printers and were used for bulk printing in large computer centres.

Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist's oil paint and water colours, carbon paper, automotive finishes, India ink and laser printer toner.

The ship contained Xylene, a clear, flammable liquid commonly used as a solvent in rubber, leather and the printing industries.

Cyan is also one of the common inks used in four-color printing, along with magenta, yellow, and black ; this set of colors is referred to as CMYK as in spectrum ( s ).

An alternate form of ( 2 ) – the machine successively prints all n of the digits on its tape, halting after printing the n < sup > th </ sup > – emphasizes Minsky's observation: ( 3 ) That by use of a Turing machine, a finite definition – in the form of the machine's table – is being used to define what is a potentially-infinite string of decimal digits.

Later, the hues were applied by means of wooden blocks, and it was the wooden block printing that was used in London.

ClearType is not used when printing text.

Already such small devices, known as Microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ), are used in automobiles to tell airbags when to deploy, in digital projectors to create sharper images and in inkjet printers to create nozzles for high definition printing.

He invented a multiplexed printing telegraph system that used his code and allowed multiple transmissions over a single line.