Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

In 45 minutes, the Gallery leaders had given the students a quick rundown on art from the Renaissance to the late 19th Century.

During the 19th century, the fields of science and art became increasingly intertwined as scientists such as Michael Faraday began to study the damaging effects of the environment to works of art.

The Haworth Art Gallery in Accrington contains an outstanding collection of Tiffany glassware presented to the town by Joseph Briggs, an Accrington man who had joined Tiffany ’ s in the late 19th century and eventually became art director and assistant manager.

Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.

In 2004, the UK Kennel Club held its fourth temporary exhibition, " The Borzoi in Art ," which offered unique insights into the borzoi and how the breed has been depicted in art throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

A centaur-like half-human half-equine creature called Polkan appeared in Russian folk art, and lubok prints of the 17th – 19th centuries.

David had a huge number of pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting.

Rural Scandinavians continued to acknowledge Freyja as a supernatural figure into the 19th century, and Freyja has inspired various works of art.

Japanese courtesans had another form of flirting, emphasizing non-verbal relationships by hiding the lips and showing the eyes, as depicted in much Shunga art, the most popular print media at the time, until the late 19th century.

In late 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to separate graphic design from fine art.

Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity until the 19th century engraved gems and hardstone carvings such as cups were major luxury art forms ; the carvings of Carl Fabergé were the last significant works in this tradition.

This tradition as an enclave of avant-garde and alternative culture was established during the 19th century and into the 20th century, when small presses, art galleries, and experimental theater thrived.

The Glasgow School, which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the Celtic Revival the Arts and Crafts Movement, and Japonisme, which found favour throughout the modern art world of continental Europe and helped define the Art Nouveau style.

During the 19th century the rise of the commercial art gallery provided patronage in the 20th century.

The term is derived from the wider senses of the word historia in Latin and Italian, and essentially means " story painting ", rather than the painting of scenes from history in its narrower sense in modern English, for which the term historical painting may be used, especially for 19th century art.

This view remained general until the 19th century, when artistic movements began to struggle against the establishment institutions of academic art, which continued to adhere to it.

In the middle of the 19th century — a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war — the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art.

It was only in the late 19th century, with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Fabergé and René Lalique, that art began to take primacy over function and wealth.

The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: " Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ..." This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: " He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.

Whether these works can be accurately called " murals " is a subject of some controversy in the art world, but the technique has been in common use since the late 19th century.

Romanticism had been, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values, while emphasizing individual, subjective experience, the sublime, and the supremacy of " Nature ", as subjects for art, and revolutionary, or radical extensions of expression, and individual liberty.

The art of tattooing was banished completely by the late 19th century, and the last tattooed native died in the early 1960s.

During the late 19th century, numerous images of potato harvesting appeared in European art, including the works of Willem Witsen and Anton Mauve.

It exhibits a prestigious collection of art and historical items regarding Maria Luigia of Habsburg and her first husband Napoleon Bonaparte ; important works and documents concerning the Duchy of Parma in the 18th and 19th centuries are also kept by the Museum.