Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

" The Torture of Cuauhtémoc ", a 19th century painting by Leandro Izaguirre.

David had a huge number of pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting.

Romantic painting by Charles Gleyre ( 19th c .) celebrating the Helvetian victory over the Romans at Agen ( 107 BC ) under Divico | Divico ’ s command.

Historic painting of the 19th century by Karl Jauslin.

During the Qianlong reign period and the continuing 19th century, European Baroque styles of painting had noticeable influence on Chinese portrait paintings, especially with painted visual effects of lighting and shading.

The term is derived from the wider senses of the word historia in Latin and Italian, and essentially means " story painting ", rather than the painting of scenes from history in its narrower sense in modern English, for which the term historical painting may be used, especially for 19th century art.

Théodore Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa ( 1818 – 1819 ) was a sensation, appearing to update the history painting for the 19th century, and showing anonymous figures famous only for being victims of what was then a famous and controversial disaster at sea.

By the later 19th century, history painting was often explicitly rejected by avant-garde movements such as the Impressionists ( except for Édouard Manet ) and the Symbolists, and according to one recent writer " Modernism was to a considerable extent built upon the rejection of History Painting ... All other genres are deemed capable of entering, in one form or another, the ' pantheon ' of modernity considered, but History Painting is excluded ".

History painting was the dominant form of academic painting in the various national academies in the 18th century, and for most of the 19th ; in France artists such as Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle, Antoine-Jean, Baron Gros, Jacques-Louis David, Ingres, Claude Joseph Vernet, Carle Vernet, Pierre-Narcisse Guérin were among the leading figures.

A rare Tanjore painting | Tanjore-style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.

John Chrysostom confronting Aelia Eudoxia, in a 19th Century painting by Jean-Paul Laurens.

Krishna, Arjuna at Kurukshetra, 18 – 19th century painting.

Martin Waldseemüller ( 19th century painting ).

At the start of the 19th century his interest in painting was restored, when he painted four scenes from Terence's comedy Andria.

Invented in the first decades of the 19th century, photography ( by way of the camera ) seemed able to capture more detail and information than traditional mediums, such as painting and sculpting.

The Batuque ( music ) | Batuque practiced in Brazil of the 19th century, in a painting by Johann Moritz Rugendas

A mural painting in the temple ( early 19th century )

19th century painting of a tiger by Kuniyoshi Utagawa.

* Panorama Mesdag houses a cylindrical 360 ° " panoramic " painting, 14 meters high by 120 meters long, depicting the sea-front at Scheveningen in the late 19th century, made by Hendrik Willem Mesdag.

A white elephant in 19th century Thai mural painting