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The Arrhenius definition states that acids are substances which increase the concentration of hydronium ions ( H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >) in solution.

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of the hydronium ion, H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >, when dissolved in water.

: H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ( l ) + H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ( l ) H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >( aq ) + OH < sup >−</ sup >( aq )

Note that chemists often write H < sup >+</ sup >( aq ) and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid-base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion, H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >.

Consider the following reactions of acetic acid ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COOH ), the organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic taste:

Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COOH acts as an Arrhenius acid because it acts as a source of H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup > when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water.

In the second example CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia ( NH < sub > 3 </ sub >), but cannot be described using the Arrhenius definition of an acid because the reaction does not produce hydronium.

* Wood, Susan, The Incredible, Vanishing Wives of Nero http :// www. portraitsofcaligula. com / 3 / miscellaneous1. htm

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M. L. Scott, " The Lynx Distributed Programming Language: Motivation, Design, and Experience ," Computer Languages 16: 3 / 4 ( 1991 ), pp. 209-233. http :// citeseer. ist. psu. edu / scott91lynx. html

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3 February 2008 < http :// www. britannica. com / eb / article-9037772 ></ ref > Tertullian, when he had become a Montanist, used the title derisively of either the Pope or the Bishop of Carthage.

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3 Nov. 2008 < http :// search. eb. com / eb / article-9100157 >.

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3 Nov. 2007 < http :// www. 2facts. com >.

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Retrieved at < http :// blog. boxun. com / hero / zhangll / 9_1. shtml > on June 9, 2011. pp. 3, 5 </ ref > In 1973 and 1974, Jiang directed the " Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius " campaign against premier Zhou because Zhou was viewed as one of the Jiang's primary political opponents.

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64, No. 3 ( July 1989 ), p. 701-706, http :// www. jstor. org / stable / 2854215 ( Accessed October 4, 2008 ).

35, No. 3 ( Autumn 1984 ), p. 370-372, http :// www. jstor. org / stable / 2870387 ( accessed October 5, 2008 ).

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* Hugh Thompson Foundation web site: ( 501 ( c )( 3 ) nonprofit founded by Lawrence Colburn in honor of Hugh Thompson: http :// www. hughthompson. org

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