Hurrian kingdoms, such as Nairi and the powerful state of Urartu arose in north eastern Anatolia from the 10th century BC, before eventually falling to the Assyrians.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

But by the 10th century the rule was commonly set aside, and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk, and adopting sumptuous attire.

During the Carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices, and by the 10th century, before the great Cluniac reform, the system was firmly established.

In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

The 10th century Skald Þorbjörn dísarskáld is quoted in Skáldskaparmál as stating:

According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Alexis was the paternal uncle of the dramatist Menander and wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments now survive, including some 130 preserved titles.

Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser.

The reason the digits are more commonly known as " Arabic numerals " in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

In the 10th century, Middle-Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu ' l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952 – 953.

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar (" sand-table " or " dust-table ") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

As a result of influence from the West Saxons, the tribes were collectively called Anglo-Saxons by the Normans, the West Saxon kingdom having conquered, united and founded the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.

Empress Adelaide was perhaps the most prominent European woman of the 10th century ; she was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991-995.

However, other scholars have argued that though 80 % of al-Andalus converted to Islam, it did not truly occur until near the 10th century.

The complete conversion of Afghanistan to Islam was during the period of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century.

The Hindu Shahi were defeated in the early part of the 10th century by Mahmud of Ghazna who ruled between 998 and 1030.

In the 10th century Troas is given as a suffragan of Cyzicus and distinct from the famous Troy ( Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte ... Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 552 ; Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, 64 ); it is not known when the city was destroyed and the diocese disappeared.

The city dates back at least to the 10th century when it was known by its first Latin name of Alavarium, literally, " a gathering place or preserve of birds.

In 10th century Yemen al-Hamdani described how spreading al-iglimiya, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal.

German brass making crucibles are known from Dortmund dating to the 10th century AD and from Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus ' account, as they are open-topped, although ceramic discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.

By the 10th Revision of the WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, low vision is defined as visual acuity of less than 20 / 60 ( 6 / 18 ), but equal to or better than 20 / 200 ( 6 / 60 ), or corresponding visual field loss to less than 20 degrees, in the better eye with best possible correction.

And there are several non-biblical historically and archaeologically attested details that can only be found in Chronicles, including the account of the Egyptian Shistak's campaign in the late 10th century BCE ( 2 Chronicles 12: 2 – 4 ), and Hezekiah's preparing and safeguarding Jerusalem's water supply prior to the Assyrian attack in the late 8th century BCE ( 2 Chronicles 32: 2-4 ).

Earliest known representation of a firearm ( a fire lance ) and a grenade ( upper right ), Dunhuang, 10th century

He was Louis XVI's last minister of war ( July 1792 ), and organised the defence of the Tuileries Palace during the 10th of August attack.

* John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough ( 1897 – 1972 ), elder son of the 9th Duke

* John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough ( b. 1926 ), elder son of the 10th Duke

In the third era ( 10th – 14th editions, 1901 – 73 ), the Britannica was managed by American businessmen who introduced direct marketing and door-to-door sales.

In general usage, the Byzantine imperial title evolved from simply " emperor " ( basileus ), to " emperor of the Romans " ( basileus tōn Rōmaiōn ) in the 9th century, to " emperor and autocrat of the Romans " ( basileus kai autokratōr tōn Rōmaiōn ) in the 10th.

According to the, Yamabe's mother, Yamato no Niigasa ( later called Takano no Niigasa ), was a 10th generation descendant of Muryeong of Baekje.

* Meiji 2: On the 23rd day of the 10th month ( 1868 ), the emperor went to Tokyo and Edo castle became an imperial palace.

:* In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month ( 671 ): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign ( 天智天皇10年 ), designated his son as his heir ; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that the son would have received the succession ( senso ) after his father's death.

:* In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month ( 671 ): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign ( 天智天皇10年 ), died ; and despite any military confrontations which ensued, the brother of the dead sovereign would have received the succession ( senso ); and after a time, it would have been understood that Emperor Temmu rightfully acceded to the throne ( sokui ).

:* In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month ( 671 ): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign ( 天智天皇10年 ), designated his son as his heir ; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that the son would have received the succession ( senso ) after his father's death.

* 1767 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason ( b. 1710 )

* 1775 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral ( d. 1860 )

Robcol — in line with normal British Army practice for ad hoc formations — was named after its commander, Brigadier Robert Waller, the Commander Royal Artillery of the 10th Indian Infantry Division.

The British historian Joseph Needham and the American historian Robert Temple write that the practice of inoculation for smallpox began in China during the 10th century.

British Army troops, part of Middle East Command and comprising 25th Armoured Brigade and briefly 10th Armoured Division, were still present after independence and stayed in Libya until at least 1957.

The operation was carried out by elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, the U. S. special forces groups TF 11, TF Bowie, and TF Dagger, British Royal Marines, the Norwegian Forsvarets Spesialkommando ( FSK ), Hærens Jegerkommando and Marinejegerkommandoen, Canada's 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canada's Joint Task Force 2, the Afghan National Army, the German KSK, and elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and of the New Zealand Special Air Service.

* A double palimpsest, in which a text of St John Chrysostom, in Syriac, of the ninth or 10th century, covers a Latin grammatical treatise in a cursive hand of the 6th century, which in its turn covers the Latin annals of the historian Granius Licinianus, of the 5th century, British Museum.

In the 10th century, after the power of Northumbria was destroyed by Viking incursions and settlement, large areas west of the Pennines fell without warfare under the control of the British kingdom of Strathclyde, with Leeds recorded as being on the border between the Britons and the Norse Kingdom of York.

* October 31 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral ( b. 1775 )

* December 1 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason ( b. 1710 )

** Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral ( d. 1860 )

* April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason ( d. 1767 )

In the late 1980s and 1990s, as well as in 2000, Hauer acted in several British and American television productions, including Inside the Third Reich ( as Albert Speer ); Escape from Sobibor ( for which he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor ); Fatherland ; Hostile Waters ; Merlin ; The 10th Kingdom ; Smallville ; Alias ; and ' Salem's Lot.

Many sources claim that the 10th century Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus used a pendulum for time measurement, but this was an error that originated in 1684 with the British historian Edward Bernard.

The operation was composed of elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, TF Rakkasan, B Co. 159th Avn Rgt, 75th Ranger Regiment, the US Special Operation Forces groups to include elements of forces from USSOCOM, JSOC and CIA's Special Activities Division, TF 11, TF Bowie, and TF Dagger, British Royal Marines, Canada's 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and Joint Task Force 2, the Afghan National Army, the German KSK, the Turkish Maroon Berets, the Norwegian FSK and Marinejegerkommandoen, and elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment, the New Zealand Special Air Service and Danish special forces from Jægerkorpset and the Danish Frogman Corps.

* Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland ( 1803 – 1884 ), British colonial administrator

The 10th Canadian Brigade attacked once again at 5: 00 am, this time supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 24th British Division of I Corps to the north.

10th Brigade arrived first, to find the enemy had advanced so far they were closing on the British field artillery.

* 1948 – 10th most popular British star

3, 000 British and 800 French troops, assisted by Royal Navy warships, held out from 22 May to 27 May 1940 against the 10th Panzer Division.

A native British kingdom, later called the Kingdom of Strathclyde, survived as an independent power into the 10th century in the area which became modern-day Dunbartonshire and Clydesdale.

The British forces landed some distance from their objectives and were quickly hampered by unexpected resistance – especially from elements of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions.

However, the British were able to make good their position and quickly repulsed the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion and other German units when they arrived to secure the bridge.

But slimmed again down he later in the same year December 1979 outpointed British champion John L. Gardner effectively, even decking Gardiner in the 10th.

Four Gurkha regiments, the 2nd, 6th, 7th, and 10th Gurkha Rifles, joined the British Army on 1 January 1948.