It is not until the 13th-century French prose romances, including the Lancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, that Camelot began to supersede Caerleon, and even then, many descriptive details applied to Camelot derive from Geoffrey's earlier grand depiction of the Welsh town.

13th-century depiction of Henry II of England | Henry II and John's siblings: ( l to r ) William IX, Count of Poitiers | William, Henry the Young King | Henry, Richard I of England | Richard, Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony | Matilda, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany | Geoffrey, Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile | Eleanor, Joan of England, Queen of Sicily | Joan and John

A 13th-century depiction of John and his legitimate children, ( l to r ) Henry III of England | Henry, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall | Richard, Isabella of England | Isabella, Eleanor of Leicester | Eleanor, and Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland | Joan

A 13th-century depiction of John with two hunting dog s

The poem is notable for its interest in law and legal practice and its exploration of ideal kingship, as well as for its detailed depiction of working-class life in 13th-century Lincolnshire.

A 13th-century depiction of John the Oxite's imprisonment from William of Tyre's Histoire d ' Outremer, in the care of the British Museum

A 13th-century depiction of Bohemund and Tancred from a manuscript in the care of the Bibliothèque nationale de France

A 13th-century depiction of battle outside Antioch from William of Tyre's Histoire d ' Outremer, in the care of the British Museum

In the 13th-century versions of the diagram, the caption " FILIUS " is placed in the bottom node, and often a cross is drawn in the link between the center node and the bottom node, in order to symbolize the idea that the Second Person of the Trinity entered into the world ( or that " The Word was made flesh ", as is stated in a Latin annotation on the diagram included in Matthew Paris ' Chronica Majora which quotes from the Vulgate of John verse 1: 14 ).

Battle scene from the Morgan Bible of Louis IX showing 13th-century swords

A most notable example of anachronism is the Service of St. Cyril from Skopje ( Скопски миней ), a 13th-century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with " Bulgarian " books among the Moravian Slavs.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

The name Madageiscar was first recorded in the memoirs of 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco Polo as a corrupted form of the name Mogadishu, the Somali port with which Polo had confused the island.

The characteristics they shared with many Merovingian female saints may be mentioned: Regenulfa of Incourt, a 7th-century virgin in French-speaking Brabant of the ancestral line of the dukes of Brabant fled from a proposal of marriage to live isolated in the forest, where a curative spring sprang forth at her touch ; Ermelindis of Meldert, a 6th-century virgin related to Pepin I, inhabited several isolated villas ; Begga of Andenne, the mother of Pepin II, founded seven churches in Andenne during her widowhood ; the purely legendary " Oda of Amay " was drawn into the Carolingian line by spurious genealogy in her 13th-century vita, which made her the mother of Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, but she has been identified with the historical Saint Chrodoara ; finally, the widely-venerated Gertrude of Nivelles, sister of Begga in the Carolingian ancestry, was abbess of a nunnery established by her mother.

However, it is uncontroversial that a Robin and Marion figured in 13th-century French " pastourelles " ( of which Jeu de Robin et Marion c. 1280 is a literary version ) and presided over the French May festivities, " this Robin and Marion tended to preside, in the intervals of the attempted seduction of the latter by a series of knights, over a variety of rustic pastimes.

The Land of Cockaigne ( also Cockaygne, Cokaygne ), was an imaginary land of idleness and luxury, famous in medieval story, and the subject of more than one poem, one of which, an early translation of a 13th-century French work, is given in Ellis's Specimens of Early English Poets.

This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary, 13th-century wall painting of Tamar in the then-ruined Betania monastery, which was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s.

He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga which relates that " Odin ( a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings ) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.

The Chapel of St John's College is entered by the north west-corner of First Court, and was constructed between 1866-9 in order to replace the smaller, mediaeval chapel which dated back to the 13th-century.

Another document dated to 1180, which mentions a " castellania Slupensis " and would thus be the oldest surviving record, has been identified as a late 13th-century or 14th-century fake.

A 13th-century date for the historical Mopsus may be confirmed by a Hittite tablet from Boğazkale which mentions a person called Mukšuš in connection with Madduwattaš of Arzawa and Attaršiyaš of Ahhiyā.

The name is a contraction of " White Sunday ", attested in " The Holy-Ghost, which thou did send on Whit-Sunday " in the Old English homilies, and parallel to the mention of hwitmonedei in the early 13th-century Ancrene Riwle.

* Burg Bischofstein: Across the river from the municipality of Burgen is this 13th-century castle, which was destroyed during the Nine Years ' War, but was reconstructed and now serves as a retreat centre for the Fichte Gymnasium in Krefeld.

The only part of it which still survives is the 13th-century cloister, surrounded by graceful twisted columns of inlaid marble.

* Ponte delle Torri, a striking 13th-century aqueduct, possibly on Roman foundations: whether it was first built by the Romans is a point on which scholarly opinion is divided.

In 1957 the body of a 13th-century woman was found buried NNE of the chapel which suggests there may have been a hermitage in the area.

St Peter's Anglican Church, a prominent landmark in the town, was built in 1824 to replace the smaller 13th-century St John's Chapel which is now used as a town council and heritage chamber.

Indeed, the siting of the Saxon Guildhall here was probably due to the amphitheatre's remains Excavations by MOLAS in 2000 at the entrance to Guildhall Yard exposed remains of the great 13th-century gatehouse built directly over the southern entrance to the Roman amphitheatre, which raises the possibility that enough of the Roman structure survived to influence the siting not only of the gatehouse and Guildhall itself but also of the church of St Lawrence Jewry whose strange alignment may shadow the elliptical form of the amphitheatre beneath.

Among historical landmarks in the town are a free-standing 17th-century clock tower, a grand town hall originally designed by Sir John Vanbrugh, Collingwood House the Georgian home of Admiral Lord Collingwood, and a 13th-century chapel called The Chantry which is now the tourist information centre and houses such cultural institutions as the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum.

The north aisle has one Norman and Early English Gothic 13th-century lancet windows, one of which has a later rere-arch with cusped spandrels, each with a carved rosette.

Patrick Hanks points out that 13th-century manorial records describe the village as Stockenechurch, which would logically come from OE stoccen + cirice, literally " logs church ".

The Gateless Gate, which is a 13th-century collection of Chan or Zen kōans, uses the word wu or mu in its title ( Wumenguan or Mumonkan 無門關 ) and first kōan case (" Joshu's Dog " 趙州狗子 ).

Apart from the keep the main structures surviving in the castle consist of the following: an early 14th century three towered fore work defending the keep entrance and including stables within it and which was accessed by a stone causeway crossing the partly in filled ditch of the earlier ringwork ; a huge late 13th-century three aisled great hall with an under croft beneath its east end opening via a water gate to the river ; a stout defensive tower turned into a solar in the late 13th century at the northern angle of the castle ; a smaller aisled hall added to the east end of the great hall in the 14th or 15th century ; a building ( possibly the mint ) added to the east end of the latter hall ; two 15th-or 16th-century stone buildings added inside the town gatehouse, 17th-century buildings added to the end of the hall range and to the north side of the keep and a series of lime kilns, one dating from the late 12th century the remainder from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

An example is standard Italian, which originated as a literary language derived from the language of 13th-century Florence, especially as used by most important Florentine writers such as Dante and Bocaccio.

Some hint of Cnut's childhood can be found in the Flateyjarbók, a 13th-century source, stating at one point that Cnut was taught his soldiery by the chieftain Thorkell the Tall, brother to Sigurd, Jarl of mythical Jomsborg, and the legendary Joms, at their Viking stronghold on the Island of Wollin, off the coast of Pomerania.

The Bastille's design was highly innovative: it rejected both the 13th-century tradition of more weakly fortified quadrangular castles, and the contemporary fashion set at Vincennes, where tall towers were positioned around a lower wall, overlooked by an even taller keep in the centre.

Although Pembroke Castle is a Norman-style enclosure castle with Great Keep, it can be more accurately described as a linear fortification because, like the later 13th-century castles at Caernarfon and Conwy, it was built on a rock promontory surrounded by water.

According to the late 13th-century Hundred Rolls, King Henry II of England ( d. 1189 ) gave William of Wrotham lands at North Petherton.

According to the 13th-century Gesta Hungarorum (" Deeds of the Hungarians "), at the time of the Hungarian invasion Transylvania was inhabited by Romanians and Slavs and ruled by Gelou, " a certain Romanian ", while Crişana was inhabited by several peoples, among them Székelys.

Samuel ben Samson who visited the town in the 13th-century mentions the existence of a Jewish community of at least fifty there.

The 13th-century chancel was largely rebuilt in 1868 at a cost of £ 350.

The 13th-century work was the last period of building at Krak des Chevaliers and gave it its current appearance.

There are records of an instrument named gusle ( гоусли ) being played at the court of the 13th-century Serbian King Stefan Nemanjić, but it is not certain whether the term was used in its present-day meaning or it denoted some other kind of string instrument.

This 13th-century church was fortified, one of the rare examples of such a church, to protect the villagers and their farm stock from raids by the Meynells, who lived at Langley Meynell.

It has been suggested that the 13th-century poet Gonzalo de Berceo studied at the University during its brief existence.

Covered by a domical vault, the Dove Cote () is a Grade II * listed tall 13th-century cylindrical column in a middle of the Hill Head field, which lies in close proximity to St Illtuds Church, next to the site of the old tithe barn, built for the monks at the St. Illtud's monastery.

The 13th-century ' Boyana master ' was the only painter among the kings and nobles whose names were read out on a regular basis during sermons at the church.

The 13th-century German chronicler Arnold of Lübeck, author of Chronicon Slavorum, wrote that the Danes had wealth and an abundance of everything thanks to the yearly catches of herring at the Scanian coast.

Saint Guinefort was a 13th-century French dog that received local veneration as a saint after miracles were reported at his grave.

Codicote Parish Council maintain a website for the services, businesses and amenities of the village at www. codicoteparish. net The church, mostly rebuilt in 1853, retains 13th-century work in its nave and aisles.