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A 2nd century CE Greek known as Heraclitus the paradoxographer --- not to be confused with the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus --- claimed Euhemeristically that Cerberus had two pups which were never away from their father, as such Cerberus was in fact a normal ( however very large ) dog but artists incorporating the two pups into their work made it appear as if his two children were in fact extra heads.
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2nd and century
In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called " theological oracles ", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity.
The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.
In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem, Roman Thysdrus, he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo, though now even a god's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak, a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire.
The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.
It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations.
* Metrodorus of Stratonicea ( late 2nd century BC )
* Gotama ( c. 2nd – 3rd century CE ), wrote Jaimini, author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras.
* Alcinous ( philosopher ) ( 2nd century AD )
* Take two: Aspirin, New uses and new dangers are still being discovered as aspirin enters its 2nd century.
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.
A 2nd century AD papyrus of Alcaeus, one of the many such fragments that have contributed to our greatly improved knowledge of Alcaeus ' poetry during the 20th century ( P. Berol.
Alcamenes () was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC.
), one 2nd century BC ( Basil Mandilaras, ' A new papyrus fragment of the Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi Platon 42 ( 1990 ) 45 – 51 ) and one 2nd or 3rd century AD ( University of Michigan pap.
Alexander was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria and came to Athens towards the end of the 2nd century.
The document is dated to the 2nd century BC and, in the form of a vision, briefly discusses dualism and the Watchers:
* Andronicus ben Meshullam, a Jewish scholar of the 2nd century BC
The numerals used in the Bakhshali manuscript, dated between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE.
2nd and CE
* Kundakunda ( 2nd Century CE ), exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra ( Essence of the Five Existents ), the Pravacanasāra ( Essence of the Scripture ) and the Samayasāra ( Essence of the Doctrine )
* Umāsvāti or Umasvami ( 2nd Century CE ), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra, expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.
The temple seems to have been burnt again during the Third Sacred War ( 355 – 346 BCE ), and was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.
The Ajanta Caves ( Ajiṇṭhā leni ; Marathi: अज िं ठ ा ल े ण ी) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.
There are three main versions of the Book of Daniel: the twelve-chapter version preserved in the Masoretic text and two longer Greek versions ( the original Septuagint version, c. 100 BCE, and the later Theodotion version, c. 2nd century CE ).
* Hill, John E. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE.
These scholars date the epistle from the 80s CE up to the end of the 2nd century.
The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσήνοι, Εσσαίοι, or Οσσαίοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a sect of Second Temple Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.
Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya ( Leptis Magna ), about 2nd century CE.
Mosaics dating from the 2nd through 4th centuries CE have been invaluable in the reconstruction of combat and its rules, gladiator types and the development of the munus.
The Jewish calendar's epoch ( reference date ), 1 Tishrei 1 AM, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Yossi ben Halafta, a 2nd century CE sage.
Pattinapalai, a Tamil poem of the 2nd century CE, describes goods from Kedaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital.
Heracles as a boy strangling a snake ( marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE )
His 11th feat was to capture the apple of Hesperides ( Gilded bronze, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE )
( Marble, Roman copy of the 1st – 2nd century CE )
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BCE ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century CE.
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE.
The Mishnah reflects debates between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE by the group of rabbinic sages known as the Tannaim.
The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσηνοι, Εσσαιοι, or Οσσαιοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a Jewish sect that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.
2nd and Greek
* Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer of the 2nd century, who lived in Rome
Ezra-Nehemiah, grouped as a single book with the title " Ezra ", was translated into Greek around the middle of the 2nd century BC.
The Greek additions to Esther ( which do not appear in the Jewish / Hebrew ; see " Additions to Esther " below ) are dated to around the late 2nd century or early 1st BCE.
The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.
Greek historian Plutarch discusses an argument between Chrysippus ( 3rd century BCE ) and Hipparchus ( 2nd century BCE ) of a rather delicate enumerative problem, which was later shown to be related to Schröder numbers.
As far back as the early 2nd century, there is evidence that the codex — usually of papyrus — was the preferred format among Christians: in the library of the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum ( buried in AD 79 ), all the texts ( Greek literature ) are scrolls ( see Herculaneum papyri ); in the Nag Hammadi " library ", secreted about AD 390, all the texts ( Gnostic Christian ) are codices.
The earliest recorded use of the terms Christianity ( Greek ) and Catholic ( Greek ), dates to this period, the 2nd century, attributed to Ignatius of Antioch c. 107.
: Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer of the 2nd century, resident at Rome, is sometimes confused with Claudius Aelianus.
For instance, Paul cites Greek writers and philosophers, and the author of Hebrews references oral tradition which spoke of an Old Testament prophet who was sawn in half in Hebrews 11: 37, two verses after the 2nd Maccabees reference.
The first extant grammar of Greek, " Art of Grammar " ( Tékhnē grammatiké, Greek: ) is attributed to him but many scholars today doubt that the work really belongs solely to him due to the difference between the technical approach of most of the work and the more literary approach ( similar to the 2nd century's Alexandrian tradition ) of the first few sections.
Although some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century, arguing from the references to the apostles, tradition ; and the book's competent Greek style, conservative scholars date it between 66 to 90.
1 Esdras, probably from the late 2nd / early 1st centuries BCE, preserves a Greek text of Ezra and a part of Nehemiah distinctly different from that of Ezra-Nehemiah-in particular it eliminates Nehemiah from the story and gives some of his deeds to Ezra, as well as telling events in a different order.
Proto-Greek speakers possibly entered the Greek peninsula in the early 2nd millennium BC.
Prior to the 2nd millennium BC, the Greek peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Hellenic peoples, the most notable of which were the Pelasgians.
During the 2nd century BC Greek culture lost ground there, and the empire began to break apart.
Other noteworthy and famous Greek historians include Plutarch ( 2nd century AD ), who wrote several biographies, the Parallel Lives, in which he wanted to assess the morality of its characters by comparing them in pairs, and Polybius ( 3nd century BC ), who developed Thucydides's method further, becoming one of the most objective historians of classical antiquity.
General Ivanov, commander of the 2nd Bulgarian Army, acknowledged the role of the Greek fleet in the overall Balkan League victory by stating that " the activity of the entire Greek fleet and above all the Averof was the chief factor in the general success of the allies ".
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