This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the " Hindi numerals ", namely the Eastern Arabic numerals (---------) used in the Middle East, or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages ( e. g. Devanagari: ).

It may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals.

One may distinguish between this positional system, which is identical throughout the family, and the precise glyphs used to write the numerals, which vary regionally.

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar (" sand-table " or " dust-table ") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac ( later, Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe.

This arrangement was adopted identically into the numerals as used in Europe.

Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists ( as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration ), for sequential volumes, to differentiate monarchs or family members with the same first names, and ( in lower case ) to number pages in prefatory material in books.

Cyrillic numerals were a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples.

The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals.

Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, all of which evolved from the Brahmi numerals.

* The widespread Western Arabic numerals used with the Latin script, in the table below labelled European, descended from the West Arabic numerals developed in al-Andalus and the Maghreb.

* The Arabic – Indic or Eastern Arabic numerals, used with the Arabic script, developed primarily in what is now Iraq.

A variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Persian and Urdu languages is shown as East Arabic-Indic.

* The Devanagari numerals used with Devanagari and related variants are grouped as Indian numerals.

The best known AC class is class III or AC-III ( Roman numerals are used for classes ).

A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals ( Hans Talhoffer | Talhoffer Thott, 1459 ).

For example, the Computus Runicus manuscript, originally from 1328, but collected and published by the Dane Ole Worm ( 1588-1654 ), uses this futhark notation, and not the pentadic numerals under discussion here.

They were also known as Herodianic numerals because they were first described in a 2nd century manuscript by Herodian.

Down to recent times the custom of indicating dates by means of chronograms was so prevalent in Jewish literature that but few books are dated by numerals only.

The lack of a positional value ( or zero ) was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals.

Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals and noun case markers.

In orthographic use, the intent is to reproduce Greek orthography closely: there is a one to one mapping between Greek and Latin letters, and digraphs are avoided, with occasional use of punctuation or numerals resembling Greek letters rather than Latin digraphs.

In English-speaking countries, the radix point is usually a small dot,., placed either on the baseline or halfway between the baseline and the top of the numerals.

0 was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals.

If there are no ones, twos or threes, the number is written with spaces between the numerals ; if any exist a hyphen replaces the space between every numeral.

" In their present form, many of the syllabary characters resemble Roman, Cyrillic or Greek letters or Arabic numerals ," says Janine Scancarelli, a scholar of Cherokee writing, " but there is no apparent relationship between their sounds in other languages and in Cherokee.

An S-signature is a signature inserted between forward slash marks, but not a handwritten signature ... ( i ) The S-signature must consist only of letters, or Arabic numerals, or both, with appropriate spaces and commas, periods, apostrophes, or hyphens for punctuation ...

When used as numerals, letters were written either between two dots (• •

* For masculine nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals it is necessary to distinguish between animate and inanimate ones.

The digits of the Suzhou numerals are defined between U + 3021 and U + 3029 in Unicode.

The station's logo consists of the numerals 98 and 7 in Gothic typeface with a metallic star between the numerals.

Two side-plates held digital numerals between them, while an electric motor and cam gear outside controlled movement.

Nodes for the 3rd string are indicated by Arabic numerals, for the 2nd string by Chinese numerals, and for the 1st string by Chinese numerals preceded by イ. Horizontal shamisen tablature, read from left to right.

The reason the digits are more commonly known as " Arabic numerals " in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 7 and 9 was recorded, but Brahmi numerals lacked a symbol for 0.

Woodcut showing the 16th century astronomical clock of Uppsala Cathedral, with two clockfaces, one with Arabic and one with Roman numerals.

The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century.

In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by the Jesuits.

Shang oracle bone numerals of 14th century B. C.

Most Chinese numerals of later period were descendants from Shang dynasty oracle numerals of 14th century B. C.

Ruga's positioning of ⟨ g ⟩ shows that alphabetic order, related to the letters ' values as Greek numerals, was a concern even in the 3rd century BC.

The book made an important contribution to the spread of decimal numerals, although as Ore writes this process was " long-drawn-out " and did not become complete until the later part of the 16th century.

By the 13th century, Hindu-Arabic numerals were accepted in European mathematical circles ( Fibonacci used them in his Liber Abaci ).

By the end of the 20th century virtually all non-computerized calculations in the world were done with Arabic numerals, which have replaced native numeral systems in most cultures.

Clocks using only Arabic numerals first began to appear in the mid-18th century.

The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, while the rest of the moons, usually numbered in Roman numerals V ( 5 ) through XII ( 12 ), remained unnamed.

In the twelfth century, Latin translations of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.

By the first decade of the 20th century, the names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto had once again recovered popularity, but the later-discovered moons, numbered, usually in Roman numerals V ( 5 ) through XII ( 12 ), remained unnamed.

British use of Roman numerals declined during the 20th century, having previously been used for aircraft ( e. g., Fokker D. VII, Ki-84-III, and Spitfire Mk I ) almost to the end of World War II.

It was common practice among 20th century historians to refer to the various Bahamian islands visited by Columbus by Roman numerals to avoid confusion: Island I being Guanahani, Island II being the second island visited by Columbus ( which he named Santa María de la Concepción ); followed by Island III ( named Fernandina by Columbus ) and Island IV ( called Samoete by the Indians and renamed Isabela by Columbus ).

It is remarkable that Arabic numerals were used in such a remote village when the use of Roman numerals continued for another century elsewhere in England.