For the low-temperature measurements the sample was cooled by a cold nitrogen gas flow method similar to that of Andrew and Eades.

In the early cold cathode vacuum tubes, called Crookes tubes, this was done by using a high electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to ionize the residual gas in the tube ; the ions were accelerated by the electric field and released electrons when they collided with the cathode.

The gas ionization ( or cold cathode ) method of producing cathode rays used in Crookes tubes was unreliable, because it depended on the pressure of the residual air in the tube.

On average, the gas molecules move from the cold side toward the hot side whenever the pressure ratio is less than the square root of the ( absolute ) temperature ratio.

Short path vacuum distillation apparatus with vertical condenser ( cold finger ), to minimize the distillation path ; 1: Still pot with stirrer bar / anti-bumping granules 2: Cold finger – bent to direct condensate 3: Cooling water out 4: cooling water in 5: Vacuum / gas inlet 6: Distillate flask / distillate.

Stars are created within galaxies from a reserve of cold gas that forms into giant molecular clouds.

In the early 1950s the gasoline Gasifier unit was developed, where part on cold weather starts raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the gas was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold.

Their internal motions are governed by turbulence in a cold, magnetized gas, for which the turbulent motions are highly supersonic but comparable to the speeds of magnetic disturbances.

Maintenance cycles of cold cathode gauges are, in general, measured in years, depending on the gas type and pressure that they are operated in.

The space probe's attitude control was provided by 12 cold nitrogen gas jets mounted on the ends of the solar panels and three gyros.

The formation of an open cluster begins with the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud, a cold dense cloud of gas and dust containing up to many thousands of times the mass of the Sun.

Stirling piston engine Rhombic drive | Rhombic Drive – Beta Stirling Engine Design, showing the second displacer piston ( green ) within the cylinder, which shunts the working gas between the hot and cold ends, but produces no power itself.

Either system could operate the two redundant cold nitrogen gas thruster systems, each with of gas.

Gas-filled tubes such as discharge tubes and cold cathode tubes are not hard vacuum tubes, though are always filled with gas at less than sea-level atmospheric pressure.

Ball and socket joints are used where some degree of free-play is necessary, such as when joining a cold trap to a gas manifold for a Schlenk line.

As there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in gas cycles.

As of March 2007, the GDF has been reconfigured to operate a cold gas gun for subsonic CEV capsule aerodynamics.

The equipment used remained a standard for years to come: hot and cold water on tap and a kitchen sink and an electrical or gas stove and oven.

Methane hydrates are believed to form by migration of gas from depth along geological faults, followed by precipitation, or crystallization, on contact of the rising gas stream with cold sea water.

It is geometrically thin in the vertical direction ( has a disc-like shape ), and is made of a relatively cold gas, with a negligible radiation pressure.

The hydrogen gas was fed into the balloon via lead pipes ; but as it was not passed through cold water, great difficulty was experienced in filling the balloon completely ( the gas was hot when produced, but as it cooled in the balloon, it contracted ).

The Abernathy furnace consumed fuel like a giant ravenous maw that had to be appeased by hurling tons of coal into its evil red depths, and no matter how much coal they put in the house remained cold.

A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated " during very unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant squall line of wind and water.

Stars are thought to form inside giant clouds of cold molecular hydrogen — giant molecular clouds roughly 300, 000 times the mass of the Sun and 20 parsecs in diameter.

The first planet in from the four-star system Squornshellous, it is very cold and inhabited by giant, burrowing mattresses that spit acid.

Charn's Sun is a red giant described as red, large, and cold ; it also has a solitary companion ( either a planet, or a moon, or a blue dwarf star ).

It was one of a spate of monster movies produced during the 1950s in response to cold war fears ; in the film a character speculates that the leeches have been mutated to giant size by atomic radiation from nearby Cape Canaveral.

Painted with a set of terrified eyes at the front and a mouth that stretches open into a giant scream so that teeth line the entire vehicle like bumpers, these trains look forever regretful to be riding the cold steel tracks of Dodonpa

And there is no section of the nation more ardent than the South in the cold war against Communism.

This may be opera bouffe now, but it will become more serious should the cold war mount in frenzy.

And she was made to fall in love with him again there in the rutted dirt driveway standing in the cold fog, mad as she was at his going away when he really didn't have to, mad at their both having got older in a life that seemed to have taken no more than a week to go by.

On that cold, but bright, April day we were guests of your government in the reviewing stand of Red Square to witness the poeple's celebration for Yuri Gagarin and later on that day we attended the somewhat more exclusive reception for him in one of the impressive palaces of the Kremlin.

They were a sight more comfortable than the ones in the jail with the cold air from Hirey's air conditioner coming through the grille ''.

Russian tanks and artillery parading through the streets of Havana, Russian intrigue in the Congo, and Russian arms drops in Laos ( using the same Ilyushin transports that were used to carry Communist agents to the Congo ) made it plain once more that the cold war was all of a piece in space and time.

Adult Culicoides are killed by cold winter temperatures, and BTV infections typically do not last for more than 60 days, which is not long enough for BTV to last until the next spring.

" The bodies lay in the blowing snow through the night ...... February indeed made us shiver, but it was more than the cold of February that third day of the month in 1959.

When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells ( see RNA interference ), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells.

Compared to the lower elevations of the Carolinas, winters are long and cold, with frequent sleet and snowfall, with the January high at, being more similar to the climate of the New England states rather than the humid subtropical climate that is pervasive in the Southeastern US.

The reason for this was to stay true to the genre's underground roots and to make the music sound more " raw " and " cold ".

Most simulations contain only non-baryonic cold dark matter, which should suffice to understand the universe on the largest scales, as there is much more dark matter in the universe than visible, baryonic matter.

The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems.

The ' hot ' and ' cold ' populations are strikingly different: more than 30 % of all cubewanos are in low inclination, near-circular orbits.

The difference in colour between the red cold population and more heterogeneous hot population was observed as early as in 2002.

These alembics often featured a cooling system around the beak, using cold water for instance, which made the condensation of alcohol more efficient.

Conditions are ideal for the formation of hoarfrost on cold clear nights, with a very light wind that is able to circulate more humidified air around the snow surface.

Breakfast ( Frühstück ) commonly consists of bread, toast, and / or bread rolls with cold cuts, cheese or jam ( Konfitüre or more commonly called Marmelade ), marmalade or honey, eggs, and ( often strong ) coffee or tea ( milk, cocoa or fruit juices for children ).

Between 1906 and 1909 the Hawks family began to spend more time in Pasadena, California during the cold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health.

January and February are more cloudy, with occasional cold fronts followed by dry northerly winds.

Grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West ( that can be partly explained by the more challenging climatic conditions, in particular long cold winters and short vegetative period ) compelling almost the entire population to farm.

This is more effective in other mammals whose fur fluffs up to create air pockets between hairs that insulate the body from the cold.

This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they run just as well in cold weather once started.

It's more commonly cultivated than most other kumquats as it is cold tolerant.