And although these insights into the nature of art may be in themselves insufficient for a thoroughgoing philosophy of art, their peculiar authenticity in this day and age requires that they be taken seriously and gives promise that from their very substance, new and valid chapters in the philosophy of art may be written.

Yet, after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will, the same philosophy, it may be said, became the idea source of the French Revolution also.

Here we may observe that at least one modern philosophy of history is built on the assumption that ideas are the primary objectives of the historian's research.

The notion of philosophy as Queen Bee may fit well with authoritarian modes of political ideology, but it has been noted that the price of such an imperial notion of philosophy is the frustration and flagellation of the social sciences.

Beyond this, philosophy may urge the social sciences forward by asking the type of question that falls outside the present scope of social inquiry, but within its potential domain of relevance.

To those raised on Marcel's Homo Viator and Heidegger's das Nichtige, this may seem a modest role for philosophy.

In the " imperative " view, which is closer to the philosophy of imperative programming languages, an abstract data structure is conceived as an entity that is mutable — meaning that it may be in different states at different times.

The anthropic principle is often criticized for lacking falsifiability and therefore critics of the anthropic principle may point out that the anthropic principle is a non-scientific concept, even though the weak anthropic principle, " conditions that are observed in the universe must allow the observer to exist ", is " easy " to support in mathematics and philosophy, i. e. it is a tautology or truism

Where being, the noun, is readily accessible to experience and classifiable, being, the participle, is not :" In short ... philosophy may perhaps be able to tell us everything about that which reality is, but nothing at all concerning this not unimportant detail: the actual existence, or non-existence, of what we call reality ....

The terms breatharianism or inedia may also refer to this philosophy practised as a lifestyle in place of the usual diet.

Issues of concern in the philosophy of consciousness include whether the concept is fundamentally valid ; whether consciousness can ever be explained mechanistically ; whether non-human consciousness exists and if so how it can be recognized ; how consciousness relates to language ; and whether it may ever be possible for computers or robots to be conscious.

Lynn Montross, writing on that topic in War Through the Ages ( 1960 ), said ; " This outcome ... may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy.

Habermas engaged in regular correspondence with Richard Rorty and a strong sense of philosophical pragmatism may be felt in his theory ; thought which frequently traverses the boundaries between sociology and philosophy.

A design approach is a general philosophy that may or may not include a guide for specific methods.

" The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education.

* Even if the actual systems of philosophy which have appeared in the philosophical thought of a given culture are historically conditioned, there may be ways of thought exemplified by past systems which remain a feature of a people's mentality or cultural outlook.

Criticizability, in contrast to falsifiability, and thus rationality, may be comprehensive ( i. e., have no logical limits ), though this claim is controversial even among proponents of Popper's philosophy and critical rationalism.

The study of government may overlap other fields of study such as anthropology, economics, history, philosophy, science, and sociology.

What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

He says: `` beside the Protestant philosophy of Progress, as expressed in radical or conservative millenarianism, should be placed the doctrine of the democratic faith which affirmed it to be the duty of the destiny of the United States to assist in the creation of a better world by keeping lighted the beacon of democracy ''.

In recent years, we have come increasingly to recognize that ideas have a history and that not the least important chapters of this history have to do with thematic or conceptual aspects of literature and the arts, although these aspects should be studied in conjunction with the history of philosophy, of religion, and of the sciences.

No one can be as effective as the president in inspiring older men to welcome imaginative new teachers whose philosophy or approach to their specialties is quite different.

Is it not the task of philosophy to see what intelligible meaning can be assigned to the most sacred canons in social science??

In this situation, philosophy has survived by separating itself from metaphysics, by showing the ultimate questions to be the meaningless questions.

In the new situation, philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences, a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value.

) Whatever philosophy is conceived to be, its rationalist, logistic attitude to evidence should make it clear that it is something other than science.

The mystification of metaphysical systems does not imply the demise of philosophy, only the close of a philosophic age which demanded metaphysics to be rational and logical.

In addition to the incompleteness of science and the completeness of metaphysics, they differ in that science is essentially descriptive, while philosophy in its inherited forms, tends to be goal-oriented, teleological and prescriptive.

Certain features we have touched upon: philosophy as a logical, deductive system from which a social science methodology can be built up ; ;

The objection will be raised that the most important role of philosophy in relation to social science has been omitted, namely the status of ultimate value questions and norms operative in the social sciences.

The former secretary of labor said he was proud to be an Eisenhower Republican `` and proud to have absorbed his philosophy '' while working in his adminstration.

Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful ,< ref name =" definition ">

All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.

Kant is not generally considered to be a modern anthropologist, however, as he never left his region of Germany nor did he study any cultures besides his own, and in fact, describes the need for anthropology as a corollary field to his own primary field of philosophy.

For Hume, philosophy can be split into two general parts: natural philosophy and the philosophy of human nature ( or, as he calls it, " moral philosophy ").

His most recient publication called The Agrarian Vision focuses on sustainability and what agrarian philosophy can offer when we conceptualize what sustainability actually means.

As an explicitly spiritual movement, anthroposophy has sometimes been called a religious philosophy.

He documented his life, philosophy and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary ( later called the Dymaxion Chronofile ), and by twenty-eight publications.

Anti-Qing Dynasty revolutionaries, involved in the Xinhai Revolution, saw Western philosophy as an alternative to traditional philosophical schools ; students in the May Fourth Movement called for completely abolishing the old imperial institutions and practices of China.

He made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science.

( This sort of animal is called a " zombie " in thought experiments in the philosophy of mind ).

For instance, a professor of formal logic called Chin Yueh-lin – who was then regarded as China ’ s leading authority on his subject – was induced to write: “ The new philosophy Marxism-Leninism, being scientific, is the supreme truth ”.

In what he called " first philosophy " or metaphysics, Aristotle did intend a theological correspondence between the prime mover and deity ( presumably Zeus ); functionally, however, he provided an explanation for the apparent motion of the " fixed stars " ( now understood as the daily rotation of the Earth ).

Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so called semantic gap, i. e. to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions.

This program is still recognizable in the most popular philosophy of mathematics, where it is usually called formalism.

has gradually become less common and studies outside theology and medicine have become more common ( such studies were then called " philosophy ", but are now classified as sciences and humanities – however this usage survives in the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ).

Epicurus (, " ally, comrade "; 341 BC – 270 BC ) was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.

The free software philosophy at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called hacker culture by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture.

This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater ( 1935 ), which has been called " the best all-time work of American architecture ".

Christian philosophy, on the contrary, so quickens the human mind that without difficulty it pierces the heavens, and, illumined with divine light, contemplates first, the eternal source of light, and in its radiance all created things: so that we experience with the utmost pleasure of mind that we have been called, as the Prince of the Apostles says, out of darkness into his admirable light, and believing we rejoice with joy unspeakable.

Some Christian theologians, some fundamentalists, and others pejoratively refer to any philosophy which they see as literal-minded or they believe carries a pretense of being the sole source of objective truth as fundamentalist, regardless of whether it is usually called a religion.

This philosophy is sometimes called responsible disclosure.

Democritus seems to be the earliest philosopher on record to have categorically embraced a hedonistic philosophy ; he called the supreme goal of life " contentment " or " cheerfulness ", claiming that " joy and sorrow are the distinguishing mark of things beneficial and harmful " ( DK 68 B 188 ).

This philosophy is often called " associationalism ".

Windows Vista intended to have enhanced security by introducing a new restricted user mode called User Account Control, replacing the " administrator-by-default " philosophy of Windows XP.

Meanwhile, philosophy, including what was called " physics ", focused on explanatory ( rather than descriptive ) schemes, largely developed around the Aristotelian idea of the four types of " causes ".

From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called " The Obscure " and the " Weeping Philosopher ".

" Diogenes says: " the book acquired such fame that it produced partisans of his philosophy who were called Heracliteans.