The authors set about answering this fundamental question through a detailed investigation of the patient's ability, tactually, ( 1 ) to perceive figure and ( 2 ) to locate objects in space, with his eyes closed ( or turned away from the object concerned ).

After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature which was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based solely on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.

One most fundamental question that continues to exercise philosophers is put by William James:

In Greece, China and India there was a return to fundamental questions and a new interest in the question of how humans should live.

The fundamental question underlying all computing is " What can be ( efficiently ) automated?

The idea that liberalism comes in two forms assumes that the most fundamental question facing mankind is how much government intervenes into the economy ...

In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way.

The inherent noise ( that is, the error ) in the channel poses the organism with a fundamental question: how can a genetic code be constructed to withstand the impact of noise while accurately and efficiently translating information?

A fundamental question in team task design is whether or not a task is even appropriate for a team.

For many years a fundamental question in physics was whether a left-hand rule would be equivalent.

In recent years many scholars have investigated the original ways in which writers use novel metaphors and question the fundamental frameworks of thinking implicit in conceptual metaphors.

From a sociological, cultural or philosophical perspective, the question becomes, to what extent ideologies maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing, supporting, and adapting fundamental patterns of thinking metaphorically.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

However, in the 19th century, with the development of historical-comparative linguistics, linguists began to realize the sheer diversity of human language, and to question fundamental assumptions about the relationship between language and logic.

Mark Srednicki has argued that the fundamental postulate can be derived assuming only that Berry's conjecture ( named after Michael Berry ) applies to the system in question.

It could be considered that in this approach lies the most fundamental nature of the question.

This is Heidegger's " question of being ," and it is Heidegger's fundamental concern throughout his work.

Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged.

It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all.

* "... The experiment was specifically designed to address a fundamental research question, not to make a device that would be capable of producing energy, Block says ... To verify the presence of fusion, the researchers used three independent neutron detectors and one gamma ray detector.

However, defining physical objects in terms of fundamental particles ( e. g. quarks ) leaves open the question of what is the nature of a fundamental particle and thus asks what categories of being can be used to explain physical objects.

Richard Fuchs, author of An Unerring Fire, concludes, “ The affair at Fort Pillow was simply an orgy of death, a mass lynching to satisfy the basest of conduct – intentional murder – for the vilest of reasons – racism and personal enmity .” Andrew Ward downplays the controversy, “ Whether the massacre was premeditated or spontaneous does not address the more fundamental question of whether a massacre took place ... it certainly did, in every dictionary sense of the word .” John Cimprich states, “ The new paradigm in social attitudes and the fuller use of available evidence has favored a massacre interpretation ...

Indeed, if anything, Pinot blanc may be the original human-selected form of Pinot, although given the genetic variability of this longstanding genetic line, thinking of Pinot as a familial cluster of grapes sharing a fundamental and common genetic core is almost certainly nearest the truth.

In such legal contexts, as generally determined whether rights are to be considered fundamental by examining the historical foundations of those rights, and determining whether their protection was part of a longstanding tradition.

After this essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union ( initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool through intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer Karel van het Reve, followed by The New York Times ), Sakharov was banned from all military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.

* Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning ( usually within mathematics or physics ).

In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

Henri Lefebvre in Metaphilosophie ( 1965 ) argued, from a marxian standpoint, in favor of an " ontological break ", as a necessary methodological approach for critical social theory ( whilst criticizing Louis Althusser's " epistemological break " with subjective marxism, which represented a fundamental theoretical tool for the school of marxist structuralism ).

Thus, theoretical physicists tend to regard these dimensionless quantities as fundamental physical constants.

In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) is a theory of the strong interaction ( color force ), a fundamental force describing the interactions between quarks and gluons which make up hadrons ( such as the proton, neutron or pion ).

Quantum gravity ( QG ) is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics ( describing three of the four known fundamental interactions ) with general relativity ( describing the fourth, gravity ).

At present, one of the deepest problems in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation, and applies to large-scale structures ( stars, planets, galaxies ), with quantum mechanics, which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the atomic scale.

Many theoretical physicists ( e. g., Stephen Hawking, Edward Witten, Juan Maldacena and Leonard Susskind ) believe that string theory is a step towards the correct fundamental description of nature.

The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems.

Another theoretical approach that deals with the issue is that of multiverse theories-predicting a large number of " parallel " universes, possibly with different laws of physics and / or values of fundamental constants.

Anti-psychiatry is a configuration of groups and theoretical constructs that emerged in the 1960s, which challenged the fundamental assumptions and practices of psychiatry and sought to develop alternatives.

The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by Harry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, Claude Shannon and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind.

and internationally renowned research centers such as Fondazione Bruno Kessler, active in both fundamental and applied research, the Italian-German Historical Institute, the Centre for Computational and Systems Biology and ECT *, active in theoretical nuclear studies and part of FBK, and as logistics and transportation thoroughfare.

After the laboratory was scooped on a number of fundamental discoveries that they felt they ought to have made, the " cyclotroneers " began to collaborate more closely with the theoretical physicists in the Berkeley Department of Physics, led by Robert Oppenheimer.

Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations.

The research community in fundamental theoretical physics is following different research directions, and this is of course a healthy situation.

The motivation to these proposals is mainly theoretical, based on the following observation: The Planck energy is expected to play a fundamental role in a theory of quantum gravity, setting the scale at which quantum gravity effects cannot be neglected and new phenomena might become important.

The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by Isaac Newton in his 1687 treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

In the history of cosmology, various scientists and researchers have disputed parts or all of the Big Bang due to a rejection or addition of fundamental assumptions needed to develop a theoretical model of the universe.

Supersymmetry is part of a larger enterprise of theoretical physics to unify everything we know about the physical world into a single fundamental framework of physical laws, known as the quest for a Theory of Everything ( TOE ).

* In 2012, a new Division was formed the Laboratory Astrophysics Division ( LAD ) to advance our understanding of the Universe through the promotion of fundamental theoretical and experimental research into the underlying processes that drive the Universe.

Current space flight technology has fundamental theoretical limits based on the practical problem that an increasing amount of energy is required for propulsion as a craft approaches the speed of light.

Though the concept of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously ( multiple or mobile perspective ) developed by Metzinger and Gleizes was not derived directly from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, it was certainly influenced in a similar way, through the work of Jules Henri Poincaré ( particularly Science and Hypothesis ), the French mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher of science, who made many fundamental contributions to algebraic topology, celestial mechanics, quantum theory and made an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.