After this essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union ( initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool through intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer Karel van het Reve, followed by The New York Times ), Sakharov was banned from all military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.

* Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning ( usually within mathematics or physics ).

In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

A fundamental question of longstanding theoretical interest is to prove lower bounds on the complexity and exact operation counts of fast Fourier transforms, and many open problems remain.

Henri Lefebvre in Metaphilosophie ( 1965 ) argued, from a marxian standpoint, in favor of an " ontological break ", as a necessary methodological approach for critical social theory ( whilst criticizing Louis Althusser's " epistemological break " with subjective marxism, which represented a fundamental theoretical tool for the school of marxist structuralism ).

Thus, theoretical physicists tend to regard these dimensionless quantities as fundamental physical constants.

In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) is a theory of the strong interaction ( color force ), a fundamental force describing the interactions between quarks and gluons which make up hadrons ( such as the proton, neutron or pion ).

Quantum gravity ( QG ) is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics ( describing three of the four known fundamental interactions ) with general relativity ( describing the fourth, gravity ).

At present, one of the deepest problems in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation, and applies to large-scale structures ( stars, planets, galaxies ), with quantum mechanics, which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the atomic scale.

Many theoretical physicists ( e. g., Stephen Hawking, Edward Witten, Juan Maldacena and Leonard Susskind ) believe that string theory is a step towards the correct fundamental description of nature.

The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems.

Another theoretical approach that deals with the issue is that of multiverse theories-predicting a large number of " parallel " universes, possibly with different laws of physics and / or values of fundamental constants.

Anti-psychiatry is a configuration of groups and theoretical constructs that emerged in the 1960s, which challenged the fundamental assumptions and practices of psychiatry and sought to develop alternatives.

and internationally renowned research centers such as Fondazione Bruno Kessler, active in both fundamental and applied research, the Italian-German Historical Institute, the Centre for Computational and Systems Biology and ECT *, active in theoretical nuclear studies and part of FBK, and as logistics and transportation thoroughfare.

After the laboratory was scooped on a number of fundamental discoveries that they felt they ought to have made, the " cyclotroneers " began to collaborate more closely with the theoretical physicists in the Berkeley Department of Physics, led by Robert Oppenheimer.

Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations.

The research community in fundamental theoretical physics is following different research directions, and this is of course a healthy situation.

The motivation to these proposals is mainly theoretical, based on the following observation: The Planck energy is expected to play a fundamental role in a theory of quantum gravity, setting the scale at which quantum gravity effects cannot be neglected and new phenomena might become important.

The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by Isaac Newton in his 1687 treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

In the history of cosmology, various scientists and researchers have disputed parts or all of the Big Bang due to a rejection or addition of fundamental assumptions needed to develop a theoretical model of the universe.

Supersymmetry is part of a larger enterprise of theoretical physics to unify everything we know about the physical world into a single fundamental framework of physical laws, known as the quest for a Theory of Everything ( TOE ).

* In 2012, a new Division was formed the Laboratory Astrophysics Division ( LAD ) to advance our understanding of the Universe through the promotion of fundamental theoretical and experimental research into the underlying processes that drive the Universe.

Current space flight technology has fundamental theoretical limits based on the practical problem that an increasing amount of energy is required for propulsion as a craft approaches the speed of light.

Though the concept of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously ( multiple or mobile perspective ) developed by Metzinger and Gleizes was not derived directly from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, it was certainly influenced in a similar way, through the work of Jules Henri Poincaré ( particularly Science and Hypothesis ), the French mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher of science, who made many fundamental contributions to algebraic topology, celestial mechanics, quantum theory and made an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.

This work shows how Alan saw theological education as being a fundamental preliminary step in preaching and strove to give clergyman a manuscript to be “ used as a practical manual ” when it came to the formation of sermons and art of preaching.

* 529 – First draft of the Corpus Juris Civilis ( a fundamental work in jurisprudence ) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

This work was fundamental in consolidating number theory as a discipline and has shaped the field to the present day.

Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences.

Although Bohr, Fowler, Pauli, and other physicists agreed with Chandrasekhar's analysis, at the time, owing to Eddington's status, they were unwilling to publicly support Chandrasekhar .< sup >, pp. 110 – 111 </ sup > Through the rest of his life, Eddington held to his position in his writings, including his work on his fundamental theory.

This structural difference is the first component that Derrida will take into account when articulating the meaning of différance, a mark he felt the need to create and will become a fundamental tool in his life long work: deconstruction.

In mechanics, the second law in conjunction with the fundamental thermodynamic relation places limits on a system's ability to do useful work.

A characteristic of embroidery is that the basic techniques or stitches of the earliest work — chain stitch, buttonhole or blanket stitch, running stitch, satin stitch, cross stitch — remain the fundamental techniques of hand embroidery today.

In 1917 Columbia established the Lincoln School of Teachers College “ as a laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary curriculum which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form material adapted to the needs of modern living .” ( Cremin, 282 ) Based on Flexner ’ s demand that the modern curriculum “ include nothing for which an affirmative case can not be made out ” ( Cremin, 281 ) the new school organized its activities around four fundamental fields: science, industry, aesthetics and civics.

His efforts left a significant impression upon the missionary history of India and, as one of the first Jesuit missionaries to the East Indies, his work is of fundamental significance to Christians in the propagation of Christianity in China and Japan.

Historically, the concept of fundamental group first emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Henri Poincaré and Felix Klein, where it describes the monodromy properties of complex functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.

Fick's work was inspired by the earlier experiments of Thomas Graham, which fell short of proposing the fundamental laws for which Fick would become famous.

Project manager Stephen Merkowitz talks about his work with NASA's Space Geodesy Project, including a brief overview of the four fundamental techniques of space geodesy: GPS, VLBI, SLR, and DORIS.

The fundamental ionisation mechanism used was discovered by John Sealy Townsend by his work between 1897 and 1901, and is known as the Townsend discharge, which is the ionization of molecules by ion impact.

During his years in Freiburg, Marcuse wrote a series of essays that explored the possibility of synthesizing Marxism and Heidegger's fundamental ontology, as begun in the latter's work " Being and Time " ( 1927 ).

Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved version of the refracting telescope ( the Keplerian Telescope ), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei.

** for their fundamental path-breaking work in combinatorial optimization.

In 1964 Charles H. Townes, Nikolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, “ for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser – laser principle ”.

His bass work was a fundamental part of the Hawkwind sound during his tenure, perhaps best documented on Space Ritual.

Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.

In July of the same year, in Seoul, South Korea, the Member Churches of the World Methodist Council ( WMC ) voted to approve and sign a " Methodist Statement of Association " with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ ), the agreement which was reached and officially accepted in 1999 by the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation and which proclaimed that " Together we confess: By grace alone, in faith in Christ ’ s saving work and not because of any merit on our part, we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit, who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works ... as sinners our new life is solely due to the forgiving and renewing mercy that God imparts as a gift and we receive in faith, and never can merit in any way ," affirming " fundamental doctrinal agreement " concerning justification between the Catholic Church, the LWF, and the World Methodist Council.

Arrays are a fundamental type and many standard functions natively support array operations allowing work on arrays without explicit loops.

Understanding of the potential readers ' use for the work and their existing knowledge of a subject are both fundamental for effective non-fiction.