In practical terms, the ampere is a measure of the amount of electric charge passing a point in an electric circuit per unit time with 6. 241 × 10 < sup > 18 </ sup > electrons, or one coulomb per second constituting one ampere.

X-rays have energies of the order of 10 keV and hence are able to probe atomic length scales, and are used to measure variations in electron charge density.

Historically, the electron volt was devised as a standard unit of measure through its usefulness in electrostatic particle accelerator sciences because a particle with charge q has an energy E = qV after passing through the potential V ; if q is quoted in integer units of the elementary charge and the terminal bias in volts, one gets an energy in eV.

A 5 to 50 kg charge is detonated in water and piezoelectric gauges measure peak pressure, time constant, impulse, and energy.

The Dust Detector Subsystem ( DDS ) was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles.

In 1856 Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch performed an experiment to measure the numerical value of the ratio of the electromagnetic unit of charge to the electrostatic unit of charge.

Although the Taiwan Power Company ( Taipower ), state-owned enterprise, is in charge of providing electricity for the Taiwan area, a 1994 measure has allowed independent power producers ( IPPs ) to provide up to 20 % of the island's energy needs.

Solid-state electrometers are often multipurpose devices that can measure voltage, charge, resistance and current.

It is used to measure the direct current ( flow of electric charge ) through an electric circuit.

Millikan and his then graduate student Harvey Fletcher used the oil-drop experiment to measure the charge of the electron ( as well as the electron mass, and Avogadro's number, since their relation to the electron charge was known ).

Detector speed is obviously critical, as all charge carriers measured have to come from the same photon to measure the photon energy correctly ( peak length discrimination is used to eliminate events that seem to have been produced by two X-ray photons arriving almost simultaneously ).

The oil drop experiment was an experiment performed by Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher in 1909 to measure the elementary electric charge ( the charge of the electron ).

With the electrical field calculated, he could measure the droplet's charge, the charge on a single electron being ().

Another blinding scheme is used in B meson analyses in experiments like BaBar and CDF ; here, the crucial experimental parameter is a correlation between certain particle energies and decay times — which require an extremely complex and painstaking analysis — and particle charge signs, which are fairly trivial to measure.

* Ionic conductivity, a measure of the conductivity through ionic charge carriers

These include ( but are not limited to ) Beam Position Monitors ( BPMs ) to measure the position of the bunch, screens ( fluorescent screens, Optical Transition Radiation ( OTR ) devices ) to image the profile of the bunch, wire-scanners to measure its cross-section, and toroids or ICTs to measure the bunch charge ( i. e. the number of particles per bunch ).

We should not allow the image of an immanent end brought about indirectly by our own action in the continuing human struggle for a just endurable order of existence to blind us to the fact that in some measure accelerating the end of our lease may be one consequence among others of many other of mankind's thrusts toward we know not what future.

We should continue to give our love and by that retain a measure of influence in their lives, Jewishly and otherwise.

Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy ( E < sub > i </ sub >) and the electron affinity ( E < sub > ea </ sub >) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

Vendors ignoring warnings and relying on the ignorance of attackers appeal to security through obscurity-however there is a well-established principle that obscurity should never be used as a primary security measure, and at some point vendor reliance on obscurity becomes a fraudulent misrepresentation of the security of their products.

In the great affair of the Union in 1707, while protesting against the completion of the treaty till the act declaring the Scots aliens should be repealed, he refused to support the opposition to the measure itself and refrained from attending parliament when the treaty was settled.

Using a defense in depth strategy, should one defensive measure fail there are other defensive measures in place that continue to provide protection.

The Lebesgue measure is often denoted dx, but this should not be confused with the distinct notion of a volume form.

If swelling is observed, the calf circumference should be measured with a tape measure.

That is, students should measure the accuracy of its predictions, rather than the ' soundness of its assumptions '.

Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts.

Lord North, for example, who had said the office was " unknown to the constitution ", reversed himself in 1783 when he said, " In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure.

For instance, if one wishes to measure the pH of a seawater sample, the electrode should be calibrated in a solution resembling seawater in its chemical composition, as detailed below.

( It should be noted, however, that the MBTI is not designed to measure the " work self ", but rather what Myers and McCaulley called the " shoes-off self.

Alfred Binet, the developer of these tests, warned that these should not be used to measure innate intelligence or to label individuals.

The government should implement the anti-cyclical measure of increasing budget deficits.

There is a general consensus, even among those who argue in favor of security through obscurity, that security through obscurity should never be used as a primary security measure.

It is, at best, a secondary measure ; and disclosure of the obscurity should not result in a compromise.

To sight ( or measure ) the angle between the sun, a star, or a planet, and the horizon the ' star telescope ' should be fitted to the sextant.

It is probably the most singular thing in connexion with this singular administration, that its most pregnant measure should thus have been one directly opposed to the well-known principles of its head.

It involves a great departure from the methods of political action established in this country, where reforms, and especially financial reforms, have always been considerate and even tender ... I do not yet see the ground on which it can be justly held that any one description of property should be more heavily burdened than others, unless moral and social grounds can be shown first: but in this case the reasons drawn from those sources seem rather to verge in the opposite direction, for real property has more of presumptive connection with the discharge of duty that that which is ranked as personal ... the aspect of the measure is not satisfactory to a man of my traditions ( and these traditions lie near the roots of my being )... For the sudden introduction of such change there is I think no precedent in the history of this country.

Care and caution should always be taken in administering doses of Tincture of Opium, such as the use of a dosage syringe or other suitable measurement device, and by pharmacists in preparing Paregoric from Laudanum, and to note that the dosages in this article refer to Apothecaries weight and fluid measure.

If the gauge block is known to be 0. 7500 " ±. 00005 " (" seven-fifty plus or minus fifty millionths ", that is, " seven hundred fifty thou plus or minus half a tenth "), then the micrometer should measure it as 0. 7500 ".

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events, e. g. the value assigned to " 1 or 2 " in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to " 1 " and " 2 ".

A measure of its widespread acceptance may be derived from a statement of the International Congress of Jurists in 1959.

Thoroughly modern in treatment, they are at the same time, full of simple sincerity which invariably characterizes genuine Negro folk-music and are by no means to be confused with the average ' Broadway Spirituals ' which depend for their racial flavor upon sundry allusions to the ' Amen Corner ', ' judgement Day, ' Gabriel's Horn, and a frustrated devil -- with a few random hallelujahs thrown in for good measure.

Such a list must naturally be selective, and the treatment of each man is brief, for I am interested only in their general ideas on the moral measure of literature.

While I fully agree with Sir Anthony's contention, I think that we must carry the analysis farther, bearing in mind that while common peril may be the measure of our need, the existence or absence of a positive sense of community must be the measure of our capacity.

This year's Senate measure would provide each state and the District of Columbia with $1,000,000 to be used in support of private, state, or municipal ETV efforts.

This apparatus will also be used to measure transition probabilities of a large number of other elements.

The measure, for federal income tax purposes, of the dividend to individual stockholders would be the fair market value of the shares at the time of each annual distribution.

In the case of taxpaying corporate stockholders, the measure would be the lesser of the fair market value of the shares or Du Pont's tax basis for them, which is approximately $2.09 per share.

Sonar can be used to measure the thickness of the heart by placing small crystal transducers at opposite sides of the heart or blood vessel and exciting one with some pulsed ultrasonic energy.

The Doppler effect, using ultrasonic signals, can be employed to measure the flow of blood without cutting into the blood vessel.

`` Dearly beloved '', he preached, `` unless you repent of your sins in a measure, and become converted to a degree, you will, I regret to say, be damned to a more or less extent ''.

No attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported, and, because of their distances, small diameters, or low temperatures, the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity.

Such an instrument is expected to be especially useful if it could be used to measure the elasticity of heavy pastes such as printing inks, paints, adhesives, molten plastics, and bread dough, for the elasticity is related to those various properties termed `` length '', `` shortness '', `` spinnability '', etc., which are usually judged by subjective methods at present.

Acceptance of radiopasteurization is likely to be delayed, however, for two reasons: ( 1 ) the storage life of fresh chicken under refrigeration is becoming a minimal problem because of constantly improved sanitation and distributing practices, and ( 2 ) treatment by antibiotics, a measure already approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administration, serves to extend the storage life of chicken at a low cost of about 0.5 cents per pound.

A reflectance-measuring instrument may be desirable to measure cleaning, whereas Soxhlet extraction is necessary to measure grease removal.

I speak of `` the largest possible measure '' because any person who supposes that these conditions can be universally and perfectly achieved -- ever -- reckons without the inherent imperfectability of himself and his fellow human beings, and is therefore a dangerous man to have around.

But Henry Ford used the planetary transmission in his Model T and earlier cars and, in 1905, as a precautionary measure, took out a license from the man who claimed to be its inventor.

A measure of how hot the stock was, can be found in what happened to it on the market as soon as trading began.

In it, he stated that " as a fit and necessary military measure, on January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves in the Confederate states will thenceforward, and forever, be free.