Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

It contains 2800 proposed cognate sets, a set of sound laws based on those proposed sets, and a number of grammatical correspondences, as well as a few important changes to the reconstruction of Proto-Altaic.

This can result in a transmutation that changes the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus.

In the late 1970s, the Continuing Anglican movement produced a number of new church bodies in opposition to women's ordination, prayer book changes, and the new understandings concerning marriage.

This is an example of renormalization in quantum field theory — the field theory being necessary because the number of particles changes from one to two and back again.

Following the Second World War, far-reaching social, economic and political changes profoundly affected a number of areas where Ismāʿīlīs resided.

In Japan, a strong belief in astrology has led to dramatic changes in the fertility rate and the number of abortions in the years of " Fire Horse ".

The ratio of the flow speed to the speed of sound was named the Mach number after Ernst Mach, who was one of the first to investigate the properties of supersonic flow which included Schlieren photography techniques to visualize the changes in density.

The Mach. 3 value is rather arbitrary, but it is used because gas flows with a Mach number below that value demonstrate changes in density with respect to the change in pressure of less than 5 %.

The Industrial Revolution, however, resulted in large changes and Accrington ’ s location on the confluence of a number of streams made it attractive to industry and a number of mills were built in the town in the mid-eighteenth century.

In 1887, the National League and American Association agreed to abide by some uniform rule changes and decreased the number of balls required for a walk to five.

* trace the evolution of a large number of organisms by measuring changes in their DNA, rather than through physical taxonomy or physiological observations alone,

The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.

The language also included some changes made to suit Thompson's preferences ( mostly along the lines of reducing the number of non-whitespace characters in a typical program ).

Once the accounts balance, the accountant makes a number of adjustments and changes the balance amounts of some of the accounts.

Once the ray either encounters a light source, or more probably once a set limiting number of bounces has been evaluated, then the surface illumination at that final point is evaluated using techniques described above, and the changes along the way through the various bounces evaluated to estimate a value observed at the point of view.

In the field of numerical analysis, the condition number of a function with respect to an argument measures the asymptotically worst case of how much the function can change in proportion to small changes in the argument.

The evolution of CPC ideology has gone through a number of defining changes that it no longer bears much resemblance to its founding principles.

Individual crocheters work yarn with a loose or a tight hold and, if unmeasured, these differences can lead to significant size changes in finished garments that have the same number of stitches.

CUNY reported that the number of African-American students at its senior colleges had increased in the same time period, while changes in the proportions of other ethnic groups were " minimal.

* Maximal possible number of writes ( of any specific bit or specific group of bits ; could be constrained by the technology used ( e. g., " write once " or " write twice "), or due to " physical bit fatigue ," loss of ability to distinguish between the 0, 1 states due to many state changes ( e. g., in Flash memory )).

A number of the unpublished documents discussing and justifying the changes have recently come to light.

* Maximal possible number of writes ( of any specific bit or specific group of bits ; could be constrained by the technology used ( e. g., " write once " or " write twice "), or due to " physical bit fatigue ," loss of ability to distinguish between the 0, 1 states due to many state changes ( e. g., in Flash memory )).

Version 2. 0 of the benchmark, released by Weicker and Richardson in March 1988, had a number of changes intended to foil a range of compiler techniques.

`` These recent steps do not offer the possibility of extension to the great number of senior engineers who have displayed technical competence.

For example, the level of improvement noted in a recent experiment with a short course of immediate treatment for parent-child relationship problems compared favorably with the results reported by typical child guidance clinics where the hours spent in purely diagnostic study may equal or exceed the number of hours devoted to actual treatment interviews in the experimental project.

The recent publicity attending the successful federal prosecution of a conspiracy indictment against a number of electrical manufacturers has evoked a new respect for the anti-trust laws that is justified neither by their rationale nor by the results they have obtained.

For example, a writer in a recent number of The Queen hyperbolically states that `` of the myriad imprecations the only one which the English Catholics really resent is the suggestion that they are ' un-English ' ''.

The number of Iranian tourists has risen in recent years, with an estimated 80, 000 Iranian tourists in 2010.

The recent developments of computer automation and information technologies have innervated analytical chemistry to initiate a number of new biological fields.

In recent decades the number of Welsh speakers in the town has increased dramatically.

There have been a large number of studies of the efficacy of typical antipsychotics, and an increasing number on the more recent atypical antipsychotics.

According to recent academics, Athanasius, growing impatient, took a small number of bishops who supported his claim, and held a private consecration making him bishop.

* General assessment: an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era ; quality has improved ; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network ; a drop in fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers ; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now exceeds the population

Unlike a number of other countries, rail travel in the United Kingdom has enjoyed a renaissance in recent years with kilometres / miles travelled matching and surpassing the highs of the 1940s ( see usage figures below ).

In recent years a large number of writers and historians have come to the conclusion it was not a new form of warfare invented by the German military, but an old method of pursuing decisive battles using new technology.

Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U. N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War.

Historically, the Snake produced over 1. 5 million spring and summer Chinook Salmon, a number that has dwindled to several thousand in recent years.

Generally this is in a very small detail, such as the number of leaves on the ear of corn on the recent US Wisconsin state quarter: File: 2004 WI Proof. png.

Traditionally, the buy bet commission is paid no matter what, but in recent years a number of casinos have changed their policy to charge the commission only when the buy bet wins.

Because of this, radiosity is a prime component of leading real-time rendering methods, and has been used from beginning-to-end to create a large number of well-known recent feature-length animated 3D-cartoon films.

More recent generations have witnessed also a growing number of non-denominational churches, which are most often congregationalist in their governance.

In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.

The number of inhabitants is however disputed by the locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work.

In these areas he concluded that the recent strata ( rock layers ) could be categorized according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within.

In recent years, a number of Protestant churches have been established.

While relations between the islands have had difficulties, mainly due the huge exodus of illegal immigrants from the Dominican Republic due to the nation's history of economic woes, the islands still, with the assistance of the United States Coast Guard and the Dominican Navy have worked hard to reduce the number of Dominicans crossing the Mona Passage in recent years.