The penal colony was eventually closed on August 15, 1947 when India gained its independence.

After much experience at sea, including command of a ship that was saved in a storm by convicts, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet, as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales.

Bahá ’ u ’ lláh and his family were – in 1868 – exiled to the penal colony of Acre, Palestine where it was expected that the family would perish.

` Abdu ' l-Bahá soon became very popular in the penal colony and Myron Phelps a wealthy New York lawyer described how " a crowd of human beings ... Syrians, Arabs, Ethiopians, and many others ", all waited to talk and receive ` Abdu ' l-Bahá.

Pitman's short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel.

Founded in 1804 as a penal colony,

Arthur Phillip decides that Botany Bay is unsuitable for the location of a penal colony, and decides to move to Port Jackson.

In the 17th and 18th century, the islands were used as a hideout for pirates, were the site of Alexander Selkirk's four-year marooning, and provided a location for a penal colony.

At this time the main island was being used as a penal colony.

However, when Dr John Coulter visited the penal colony in the early 1840s, he reported it deserted after the convicts had risen up and killed the soldiers who had held them captive.

* 1787 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England, with eleven ships full of convicts ( the " First Fleet ") to establish a penal colony in Australia.

New Caledonia became a penal colony, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, about 22, 000 criminals and political prisoners were sent to New Caledonia, among them many Communards, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel.

The principal islands are those of the Archipiélago de las Perlas in the middle of the Gulf of Panama, the penal colony on the Isla de Coiba in the Golfo de Chiriquí, and the decorative island of Taboga, a tourist attraction that can be seen from Panama City.

Kathryn Janeway, captain of the starship USS Voyager, obtained Paris ' temporary release from the penal colony.

Thirty-four Nova Scotians were banished and sent to either the Sherbro or a penal colony at Gore.

This version of the story was the first to give Todd a more sympathetic motive: he is a wrongfully imprisoned barber who returns to London after 15 years in an Australian penal colony under the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find that the judge responsible for his imprisonment has raped his young wife and driven her to suicide, and adopted his daughter.

In 1803, the island was colonised by the British as a penal colony with the name Van Diemen's Land, and became part of the British colony of New South Wales.

From the 1800s to the 1853 abolition of penal transportation ( known simply as " transportation "), Van Diemen's Land was the primary penal colony in Australia.

* May 13 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with 11 ships packed with 1, 000 convicts and their jailers to establish a penal colony in Australia.

* The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony in the Andaman Islands.

* 1820: The Argentine Confederation ( Argentina ) establishes a penal colony in the Malvinas.

** Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony

* The Devil's Island penal colony opens.

* Atonement – Wesley's atonement is a hybrid of the penal substitution theory and the governmental theory of Hugo Grotius, a lawyer and one of the Remonstrants.

The Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (" Tokyo Convention ") is a multilateral convention, done at Tokyo between 20 August and 14 September 1963, coming into force on 4 December 1963, and is applicable to offenses against penal law and to any acts jeopardizing the safety of persons or property on board civilian aircraft while in-flight and engaged in international air navigation.

It may be applied, as it is stated in article 1 of the convention in case of: offenses against penal law ; acts which, whether or not they are offenses, may or do jeopardize the safety of the aircraft or of persons or property therein or which jeopardize good order and discipline on board.

A copy of the order, with a " penal notice "— i. e. notice informing the recipient that if they do not comply they are subject to imprisonment — is served on the person concerned.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not prevent the reopening of the case in accordance with the law and penal procedure of the State concerned, if there is evidence of new or newly discovered facts, or if there has been a fundamental defect in the previous proceedings, which could affect the outcome of the case.

Once all appeals have been exhausted on a case, the judgment is final and the action of the prosecution is closed ( code of penal procedure, art.

Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach ( in this case it is termed penal damages ).

The expert has a heavy responsibility, especially in penal trials, and perjury by an expert is a severely punished crime in most countries.

The FDP is opposed to a tightening of the penal code, and instead supports for the recruitment of more police officers, judges, and prosecutors to improve security and speed up trials.

This is codified in many states ' penal codes as a crime of " carrying under the influence ", with penalties similar to DWI / DUI.

The legal base and the guidance for the creation of the system of " corrective labor camps " (), the backbone of what is commonly referred to as the " Gulag ", was a secret decree of Sovnarkom of July 11, 1929, about the use of penal labor that duplicated the corresponding appendix to the minutes of Politburo meeting of June 27, 1929.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

If " hate speech " is taken to mean ethnic agitation, it is prohibited in Finland and defined in the section 11 of the penal code, War crimes and crimes against humanity, as publishing data, an opinion or other statement that threatens or insults a group on basis of race, nationality, ethnicity, religion or conviction, sexual orientation, disability, or any comparable basis.

France prohibits by its penal code and by its press laws public and private communication which is defamatory or insulting, or which incites discrimination, hatred, or violence against a person or a group of persons on account of place of origin, ethnicity or lack thereof, nationality, race, specific religion, sex, sexual orientation, or handicap.

The definition of the offences as outlined in the penal code is as follows:

Since international law has no established compulsory judicial system for the settlement of disputes or a coercive penal system, it is not as straightforward as managing breaches within a domestic legal system.

In Norway, § 44 of the penal code states specifically that " a person who at the time of the crime was insane or unconscious is not punished ".

However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some elements of the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France.

" No crime, no punishment without a previous penal law ") is a basic maxim in continental European legal thinking.

Thus, not only the existence of the crime depends on there being a previous legal provision declaring it to be a penal offense ( nullum crimen sine praevia lege ), but also, for a specific penalty to be imposed in a certain case, it is also necessary that the penal legislation in force at the time when the crime was committed ranked the penalty to be imposed as one of the possible sanctions to that crime ( nulla poena sine praevia lege ).