Dianetics was the secular precursor to Hubbard's Church of Scientology.

Following the formation of baseball's first professional organization, the National Association of Professional Baseball Players, which became known as the National Association, the Association, or NA, in 1871, Spalding joined the Boston Red Stockings ( precursor club to the modern Atlanta Braves ) and was highly successful ; winning 206 games ( and losing only 53 ) as a pitcher and batting. 323 as a hitter.

The International Bible Students Association ( precursor to Jehovah's Witnesses ) identified Abaddon as Satan in the 1917 seventh and final volume of Millennial Dawn, to which Charles Taze Russell's name was attached ( although his authorship of the work is doubted ).

It is believed that a precursor of Artemis was worshiped in Minoan Crete as the goddess of mountains and hunting, Britomartis.

A precursor to the public bulletin board system was Community Memory, started in August, 1973 in Berkeley, California, using hardwired terminals located in neighborhoods.

It was also the first BBS to produce audio for its visitors, broadcasting news about screen printing and music in a pre-recorded method in what was the precursor to Internet Radio.

Blackjack's precursor was twenty-one, a game of unknown origin.

Another precursor was the early development of the theory of computation and the digital computer in the 1940s and 1950s.

However, the possibility of actually constructing a conscious machine was probably first discussed by Ada Lovelace, in a set of notes written in 1842 about the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage, a precursor ( never built ) to modern electronic computers.

By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present central bank twenty years later.

During World War I Wilkinson Sword transitioned from mail to a lamellar design which was the precursor to the flak jacket.

Engelbart's research was funded by DARPA, and SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet.

In some versions of Doom II, both of these secret levels incorporate level design and characters from Dooms precursor, Wolfenstein 3D, which was also developed by id.

At the age of 13, Hopper and his family moved to San Diego, where his mother worked as a lifeguard instructor and his father was a post office manager ( Hopper has acknowledged, though, that his father was in the Office of Strategic Services, the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency, in China with Mao Zedong ).

DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface.

DARPA also funded the development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and The Mother of All Demos ; and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

This work was a precursor of a modern formulation in terms of constructive type theory.

His work was a precursor to later artistic movements such as minimalism, repetitive music, and the Theatre of the Absurd.

Galvanic paint, a precursor to hot-dip galvanization, was patented by Stanislas Sorel, of Paris, France in December, 1837.

The Byronic hero, in particular, was a key precursor to the male goth image, while Dracula's iconic portrayal by Bela Lugosi appealed powerfully to early goths.

Over the same period that Hellenism was spreading through the Mediterranean world, northern and western Europe were dominated by the La Tène culture, a precursor to the Celts that would populate the same area during the Roman age.

Francia, as this state is sometimes known, was divided into several parts, West Francia would evolve into the Kingdom of France, while East Francia would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire, a precursor to modern Germany.

In 1772 John Whitehurst of Cheshire in the United Kingdom invented a manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the " pulsation engine ".

In 1991 NCR Corporation / AT & T ( now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation ) invented the precursor to 802. 11 in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.

Nobel also invented ballistite, a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite.

He invented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria, and the methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between different type of blood cells, which led to the capability to diagnose numerous blood diseases.

William Henry Fox Talbot ( 11 February 180017 September 1877 ) was a British inventor and photography pioneer who invented the calotype process, a precursor to photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Nonius is the Latin name of the Portuguese astronomer and mathematician Pedro Nunes ( 1502 – 1578 ) who in 1542 invented a related but different system for taking fine measurements on the astrolabe that was a precursor to the vernier.

Classically inspired male hair styles included the Bedford Crop, arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which was invented by the radical politician Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford as a protest against a tax on hair powder ; he encouraged his frends to adopt it by betting them they would not.

Spencer also invented a precursor to the modern paper clip, though it looked more like a modern cotter pin.

The Puckle gun, invented by James Puckle of London during the early 18th century, is a precursor to modern autocannon.

While with Rickenbacker, Kauffman had invented the " Vibrola " tailpiece, a precursor to the later vibrato or " tremolo " tailpiece.

The fibula, a form of a brooch, was invented by the Myceaneans on the Greek Peloponnesus between the 13th and 14th Century BC, and is considered an early precursor to a safety pin since they were used in a similar manner.

The puzzle was " invented " by Noyes Palmer Chapman, a postmaster in Canastota, New York, who is said to have shown friends, as early as 1874, a precursor puzzle consisting of 16 numbered blocks that were to be put together in rows of four, each summing to 34.

In the 1920s, he invented a simple device for phototelegraphic transmission through cable and later via radio, a precursor to mechanical television.

In 1866, Elmire Jolicoeur, a French Canadian immigrant, invented the precursor of the modern casserole in Berlin, New Hampshire.

Although slightly different in format the series could be seen as a direct precursor to A Bit of Fry and Laurie, the 1989 television series ( piloted in 1987 ), which employed a very similar style of humour and wordplay ( indeed, it invented the language Strom, which gave birth to the farewell phrase " Soupy twist ", and also gave rise to the phrase " Mr. Music, will you play ?").

* Helios ( propulsion system ), nuclear pulse propulsion system for spacecraft invented by Freeman Dyson, a precursor to his Project Orion

She invented The Landlord's Game, the precursor to Monopoly.

In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm.

In 1722 he invented the " pulsation engine " ( now called a Pulser pump ), a water-raising device that was the precursor of the hydraulic ram.

This was the precursor to the modern zipper which he developed and invented in 1890.

The precursor to the modern land yacht was invented in the autumn of the year 1600 by the Flemish scientist Simon Stevin in Flanders as a commission for Prince Maurice of Orange.

Giovanni Giorgi ( 27 November 1871-19 August 1950 ) was an Italian electrical engineer who invented the Giorgi system of measurement, the precursor to the International System ( SI ).