The entire orchestra ( in Italian, tutti ) plays the main ritornello theme, while soloists play the intervening episodes.

However, unlike the ripieno concerto, which uses the usual ritornello form of the concerto, at least the first movement of these symphonies is in binary form.

While Rondo form is similar to ritornello form, it is different in that ritornello brings back the subject or main theme in fragments and in different keys, but the rondo brings back its theme complete and in the same key.

The text of the madrigal is divided into three sections: two strophes called terzetti set to the same music and a concluding section called the ritornello usually in a different meter.

The theme of the ritornello is present throughout the movement.

The first or final movement of a solo concerto, concerto grosso, or aria may be in " ritornello form ", in which the ritornello is the opening theme, always played by tutti, which returns in whole or in part and in different keys throughout the movement.

The opening orchestral ritornello is joyful and light, and soon transforms into a flurry of sixteenth notes in descending sequence, played by the violins and flutes while the lower instruments drive the piece forward.

The Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the ritornello.

While the Prologue's music has been lost and has not been reconstructed, several realizations of the opera include a solution to the missing ritornello at the end of the second act.

In particular, he used well-defined concertino, ritornello, and cadenzas in his ensemble music, following and further developing a practice initiated in the music of Giovanni Gabrieli and the other composers of his generation.

Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L ' Orfeo ( 1607 ) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets.

In opera seria, the ritornello functioned as the main structural support for the da capo aria, in which it was successively repeated.

The Alberti bass and arpeggios over diminished chords for the soloist recur before the movement ends in a cheerful final orchestral ritornello.

He ceaselessly innovated, writing monodies with instruments such as violins, and in a sectional form with repeating parts for instruments only — an idea which would develop into the ritornello.

The canonic material of the opening ritornello returns, this time involving the clarinet, and leads to the novel feature of the soloist accompanying the orchestra with an Alberti bass over the first closing theme.

The ritornello, or the ‘ tutti ’ section, functions as a refrain or chorus while the solo sections may expand upon the short melodic lines of the tutti.

In his opera Teodora ( 1697 ) he originated the use of the orchestral ritornello.

The outer movements use the ritornello form found in many instrumental and vocal works of the time.

# Allegro with ritornello, with an overall structure like that of a da capo aria.

The mutable moods of Metastasio's librettos helped, as did innovations made by the composer, such as stromento recitative or cutting a ritornello.

In this, ritornello form differs from the rondo.

At the end of the movement the entire ritornello returns in the home key.

The final section of a fourteenth century madrigal had previously been called the ritornello and a similar technique had been employed by Giovanni Gabrieli in his 16th century motets.

The orchestral ritornello returns, ending with the second closing theme.

Before the formal orchestral ritornello leading into the recapitulation, Mozart writes a series of descending sequences with the cellos and bassoons holding suspensions over staccato strings.

Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.

The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont and aguille in French speaking regions ; and monte or cima in Italian speaking regions.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

Though wine ( vino ) has traditionally been the most popular alcoholic beverage in Argentina, beer ( cerveza ; the Italian birra is frequently used ) in recent decades has competed with wine in popularity.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

Mozart wrote to his father in May 1783 about Salieri and Lorenzo Da Ponte, the court poet: " You know those Italian gentlemen ; they are very nice to your face!

A. S. Roma was founded in the summer of 1927 when a secretary of the National Fascist Party, Italo Foschi, initiated the merger of three older Italian Football Championship clubs from the city of Rome ; Roman FC, SS Alba-Audace and Fortitudo-Pro Roma SGS.

Classicizing architectonic structure and decor all ' antica, in the " ancient mode ", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror during the High Renaissance ; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.

* 1945 – The Nazi occupation army surrenders and leaves Northern Italy after a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement ; the puppet fascist regime dissolves and Benito Mussolini tries to escape.

In 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer ; in 1664 it was re-invented by Robert Hooke ( who is often mistakenly considered the inventor of the first anemometer ).

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

The upgrade is being carried out by Embraer and Elbit ; it includes a new avionics suite, a full glass cockpit with three MFDs, HOTAS configuration and a new multimode radar, the Italian Grifo F. The first F-5EM was handed over on September 21, 2005, and it is scheduled at a rate of two aircraft being delivered each month from that date onwards.

The conception bears a remarkable resemblance to that of Paradise Lost ; and it is nearly certain that Milton, whose sympathies with the Italian Reformation were so strong, must have been acquainted with it.

Developed into its present form in Italy, ( where it is called bocce, the plural of the Italian word boccia which means " bowl "), it is played around Europe and also in overseas areas that have received Italian migrants, including Australia, North America, and South America ( where it is known as bochas ; bolas criollas in Venezuela, bocha ( the sport ) in Brazil ), initially among the migrants themselves but slowly becoming more popular with their descendants and the wider community.

Christopher Columbus ( Italian: Cristoforo Colombo ; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón ; before 31 October 145120 May 1506 ) was an explorer, navigator, and colonizer, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy.

Although female roles were performed by castrati in some of the papal states, this was increasingly rare ; by 1680, they had supplanted " normal " male voices in lead roles, and retained their position as primo uomo for about a hundred years ; an Italian opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail.

He had come to realize that the Italian stage needed reforming ; adopting Molière as his model, he went to work in earnest and in 1738 produced his first real comedy, L ' uomo di mondo (" The Man of the World ").

The Colonna family is an Italian noble family ; it was powerful in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other Church and political leaders.

* The main source for Columbanus's life is recorded by Jonas of Bobbio, an Italian monk who entered the monastery in Bobbio in 618, three years after the saint's death ; Jonas wrote the life c. 643.

Cannon is derived from the Old Italian word cannone, meaning " large tube ", which came from Latin canna, in turn originating from the Greek κάννα ( kanna ), " reed ", and then generalized to mean any hollow tube-like object ; cognate with Akkadian term qanu and Hebrew qāneh, meaning " tube " or " reed ".

Cesare Borgia (;, ; 13 September 1475 or April 1476 – 12 March 1507 ), Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal.