The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature ; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.

A diode can be used as a temperature measuring device, since the forward voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a silicon bandgap temperature sensor.

Also, the voltage present on the line to be sensed is not transmitted to the sensor, which enhances the safety of measuring equipment.

Also, as Hall voltage is often on the order of millivolts, the output from this type of sensor cannot be used to directly drive actuators but instead must be amplified by a transistor-based circuit.

The output is proportional to both the applied magnetic field and the applied sensor voltage.

If the magnetic field is applied by a solenoid, the sensor output is proportional to the product of the current through the solenoid and the sensor voltage.

By sensing the current provided to a load and using the device's applied voltage as a sensor voltage it is possible to determine the power dissipated by a device.

Many automotive Hall effect sensors have a built-in internal NPN transistor with an open collector and grounded emitter, meaning that rather than a voltage being produced at the Hall sensor signal output wire, the transistor is turned on providing a circuit to ground through the signal output wire.

Various other examples of signal conditioning might be bridge completion, providing current or voltage excitation to the sensor, isolation, linearization.

This sensor is often a piezoelectric crystal, which produces a small, but measurable, voltage pulse every time a vortex is created.

For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit ; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of measurement.

The ignition control circuit board applies an AC voltage to the flame sensor which is just a stainless steel rod.

The principle of the sensor is that the forward voltage of a silicon diode is temperature-dependent, according to the following equation:

A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field.

In its simplest form, the sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage.

In the pictured wheel with two equally spaced magnets, the voltage from the sensor will peak twice for each revolution.

The instrumentation of a DMA consists of a displacement sensor such as a linear variable differential transformer, which measures a change in voltage as a result of the instrument probe moving through a magnetic core, a temperature control system or furnace, a drive motor ( a linear motor for probe loading which provides load for the applied force ), a drive shaft support and guidance system to act as a guide for the force from the motor to the sample, and sample clamps in order to hold the sample being tested.

Each individual light sensor in the CCD reader is extremely small and because there are hundreds of sensors lined up in a row, a voltage pattern identical to the pattern in a bar code is generated in the reader by sequentially measuring the voltages across each sensor in the row.

The Russian experimenters claim that only a small fraction of the impulse from the sensors is caused by the incident momentum with the remainder being momentum of ejected material from the sensor.

High-gain, photoelectronic image intensification is applied under conditions of low incident light levels whenever the integration time required by a sensor or recording instrument exceeds the limits of practicability.

Only in Israel decompression is used on all luggage to check for pressure sensor detonators.

* Soluble AC ( sAC ) is not a transmembrane form and is not regulated by G proteins or forskolin, instead acts as a bicarbonate / pH sensor.

A device that converts signals from one type to another ( for example, a light signal in photons to a DC signal in amperes ) is a transducer, a transformer, or a sensor.

Sazonov ’ s idea, The Fit Companion, is a small, unobtrusive sensor that, when clipped-on to a user ’ s clothing or integrated into a shoe, provides feedback about physical activity.

A laser beam reads the CD and is reflected back to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data

The output of the system y ( t ) is fed back through a sensor measurement F to the reference value r ( t ).

DOF is determined by subject magnification at the film / sensor plane and the selected lens aperture or f-number.

# A sensor detects traffic is approaching.

#* A remote sensor ( e. g. based on infrared or radio waves ) can be triggered by a portable remote control, or is installed inside a vehicle.

The purpose of the safety sensor is to prevent the door from colliding with an object in its path by stopping or slowing its motion.

* The DEPFET is a FET formed in a fully depleted substrate and acts as a sensor, amplifier and memory node at the same time.

It is a double harp that has 24 strings evenly divided in two ranks arrayed on a free standing " Vee " shaped bridge made of synthetic material including an integral piezo-electric sensor.

Thus, it is possible to create a non-contacting current sensor.

A variation on the ring sensor uses a split sensor which is clamped onto the line enabling the device to be used in temporary test equipment.

Some of these instruments produce a virtual image when applied to the human eye ; others produce a real image which can be captured on photographic film or an optical sensor, or can be viewed on a screen.

The relay valve was equipped with four diaphragms, magnet valves, electric control equipment, and an axle-mounted speed sensor, so that at speeds over 60 mph full braking force was applied, and reduced in steps at 60, 40 and 20 mph, bringing the train to a gentle stop.

Deviations from ideal movement can be detected by the sensor and corrections applied to the piezo drive signal to correct for non-linear piezo movement.

A thermocouple on the dome determines where the heated air reaches the dome and the deflection off the center is a measure of the acceleration applied to the sensor.

DEE includes a magnetic grasping mechanism, a sensor that determines the force being applied by the arm and displays that information to the operator, and a tracking system that allows the arm to be precisely aligned.

Supporters of TPWS claim that even where it could not prevent accidents due to SPADs, it would likely reduce the impact and reduce or eliminate fatalities by at least slowing the train down but, in practice, it is likely that in these cases the driver would have already applied the emergency brakes well before the overspeed sensor.

It is usually connected to a computer that records applied braking torque and calculates engine power output based on information from a " load cell " or " strain gauge " and a speed sensor.

A solar radiation sensor that can be applied in scientific grade solar radiation observations.

After the invention of microtechnology (~ 1954 ) for realizing integrated semiconductor structures for microelectronic chips, these lithography-based technologies were soon applied in pressure sensor manufacturing ( 1966 ) as well.

Some pressure sensors, such as those found in some traffic enforcement cameras, function in a binary ( on / off ) manner, i. e., when pressure is applied to a pressure sensor, the sensor acts to complete or break an electrical circuit.

One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel has a torque sensor – a torsion bar at the lower end of the steering column.

This rule is only applied at high-level meets where fully automated force or motion sensor devices are built into the starting blocks that are tied via computer with the starter's gun.