Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.

Alpha rays ( alpha particles ) and beta rays ( beta particles ) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford in 1899 through simple experimentation in 1899, but these proved not to be electromagnetic radiation, but rather charged particulate radiation.

Thus, at UV frequencies and higher ( and probably somewhat also in the visible range ), electromagnetic radiation does far more damage to biological systems than simple heating predicts.

* electric field ( see electrostatics ): an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an electric charge even when it is not moving ( i. e., there is no electric current ).

Whilst lead – acid batteries can be charged by simply connecting a dynamo to them, with a simple electromagnetic cut-out system for when the dynamo is stationary or an over-current occurs, the Ni – Cd battery under a similar charging scheme would exhibit thermal runaway, where the charging current would continue to rise until the over-current cut-out operated or the battery destroyed itself.

Since it is not easy to produce an electromagnetic expression for the railgun force that is both simple and reasonably accurate, most simple railgun analyses actually used a lumped circuit model to describe the relationship between the driving current and the railgun force.

In both tube and early transistor sets the model's control surfaces were usually operated by an electromagnetic escapement controlling the stored energy in a rubber-band loop, allowing simple on / off rudder control ( right, left, and neutral ) and sometimes other functions such as motor speed.

Magnetic induction ( for example, in a transformer ) can be seen a very simple model of this type of near-field electromagnetic interaction.

The grand unification energy, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group.

A simple example of a scale-invariant QFT is the quantized electromagnetic field without charged particles.

( 1999 ) " A simple and fast method for in vivo demonstration of electromagnetic molecular signaling ( EMS ) via high dilution or computer recording.

However, because the waves propagate through positively charged ions, ion acoustic waves can interact with their electromagnetic fields, as well as simple collisions.

The basic fluxgate compass is a simple electromagnetic device that employs two or more small coils of wire around a core of highly permeable magnetic material, to directly sense the direction of the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field.

The basic operation of electromechanical switches is based on the simple theory of electromagnetic induction.

However, water is a simple 3-atom molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub > O, and all its electronic absorptions occur in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum and are therefore not responsible for the color of water in the visible region of the spectrum.

The cerebral cortex is a group of tight, dense, " gray matter " composed of the nucleus of the neurons whose axons then form the " white matter ", and is responsible for perception, relay of the sensory input ( sensation ) via the thalamic pathway, and most importantly directly or indirectly in charge of all the neurological functions, from simple reflexes to complex thinking.

The relay need not actually be used for sending spam to be blacklisted: instead, it may be blacklisted after simple test that just confirms open access.

Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control systems or for reworking old hardwired relay circuits.

It is then simple to deceive the spammer: transmit any illicit relay e-mail received addressed to that dropbox e-mail address.

One disadvantage of using a simple rectifier diode as a snubber is that the diode allows current to continue flowing, which may cause the relay to remain actuated for slightly longer ; some circuit designs must account for this delay in the dropping-out of the relay.

Because these devices dissipate significant power, the relay may drop-out faster than it would with a simple rectifier diode.

Likewise, the motor control relay for the audio cassette tape was controlled by a simple command and could be readily used in numerous control applications.

Animation of how power lock system works ( simple relay operation )

It has been since established than Echo actually can read lips from some distance or with the corner of her eye even if the talker is wearing a mask, if the mask is thin enough ( as the rather simple fabric masks used by the new Ronin and Spider-Man ), and relay their conversation to closer individuals.

Another utility knife often used for cutting open boxes consists of a simple sleeve around a rectangular handle into which single-edge utility blades can be inserted.

The capital consists of a necking which is of a simple form.

DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.

It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

In simple chemistry, as per valence bond theory, the carbon atom must follow the " 4-hydrogen rule ", which states that the maximum number of atoms available to bond with carbon is equal to the number of electrons that are attracted into the outer shell of carbon. In terms of shells, carbon consists of an incomplete outer shell, which comprises 4 electrons, and thus has 4 electrons available for covalent or dative bonding.

A crew consists of the driver and a navigator whose responsibility is to guide the driver through the course-typically via simple hand signals, pointing the hand in the direction that the boat must go at the next intersection.

In the most primitive vertebrates, the hagfish and lampreys, the kidney is unusually simple: it consists of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the archinephric duct.

DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.

In Radiata ( radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish ) the nervous system consists of a simple nerve net.

* Jacobson radical, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R that annihilate all simple right R-modules

A simple system is for the present article defined as one that consists of a single phase of a pure chemical substance, with no interior partitions.

Given time, the simple mixture of sand, silt, and clay will evolve into a soil profile which consists of two or more layers called horizons that differ in one or more properties such as texture, structure, colour, porosity, consistency, and reaction.

A simple solid rocket motor consists of a casing, nozzle, grain ( propellant charge ), and igniter.

In order to make decisions in its operations with peers, a BGP peer uses a simple finite state machine ( FSM ) that consists of six states: Idle ; Connect ; Active ; OpenSent ; OpenConfirm ; and Established.

Automatic digital melting point meter M5000A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of a oil bath with a transparent window ( most basic design: a Thiele tube ) and a simple magnifier.

A simple corner reflector consists of three conducting sheet metal or screen surfaces at 90 ° angles to each other, attached to one another at the edges, forming a " corner ".

The body consists of an outer layer of simple epithelium enclosing a loose sheet of stellate cells resembling the mesenchyme of some more advanced animals.

They have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net — interconnected neurons with no central brain ( although some do possess ganglia ).

The digestive system consists of a simple tube running the length of the body, with the anus being at the posterior end.

The outer surface of the body wall consists of a simple columnar epithelium covered by a thin cuticle.

A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber.

A simple whole animal respirometer designed to measure oxygen uptake or CO < sub > 2 </ sub > release consists of a sealed container with the living specimen together with a substance to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during respiration, such as soda lime pellets or cotton wads soaked with potassium hydroxide.

This form is simple, but may have overheads because the thread consists only of machine addresses, so all further parameters must be loaded indirectly from memory.

A simple router table consists of a rigid top with the router bolted or screwed directly to the underside.