The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of octal-base radio vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits which were held in the vacuum tube accumulators.

A very simple version is a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid, one side of which is connected to the region of interest while the reference pressure ( which might be the atmospheric pressure or a vacuum ) is applied to the other.

The first simple, two-pole magnetron was developed in 1920 by Albert Hull at General Electric's Research Laboratories ( Schenectady, New York ), as an outgrowth of his work on the magnetic control of vacuum tubes in an attempt to work around the patents held by Lee De Forest on electrostatic control.

Instead, the entire structure is assembled, inserted into its metal envelope, sealed and processed in a large vacuum chamber with simple robotic devices.

However, it leads to a fairly simple picture of the vacuum state and is not easily amenable to use in some quantum field theories, such as quantum chromodynamics which is known to have a complicated vacuum characterized by many different condensates.

The main purpose of the soldering tweezers is to melt solder in the correct place ; components are usually moved by simple tweezers or vacuum pickup.

For example, Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed that the cosmological constant version of the vacuum field equation expressed the " epistemological " property that the universe is " self-gauging ", and Erwin Schrödinger's pure-affine theory using a simple variational principle produced the field equation with a cosmological term.

Circuits using thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) were relatively large, relatively simple ( the number of large, hot, expensive devices which needed replacing was minimised ), and used large sockets, all of which made the PCB less obviously advantageous than with later complex semiconductor circuits.

These circumstances can include but are not limited to: the constriction or obstruction of airways, such as from asthma, laryngospasm, or simple blockage from the presence of foreign materials ; from being in environments where oxygen is not readily accessible: such as underwater, in a low oxygen atmosphere, or in a vacuum ; environments where sufficiently oxygenated air is present, but cannot be adequately breathed due to air contamination such as excessive smoke.

When used for ED, a purpose-designed vacuum pump is used to produce an erection by simple mechanical and hydrodynamical action in spite of vascular or nerve damage, and the ring slid off the pump's cylinder onto the base of the penis to maintain the erection before it is lost.

Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple glass tubes ( often vacuum jacketed, and sometimes internally silvered ) filled with a packing, often small glass helices of 4 to 7 mm diameter.

This train was also fitted with ' simple ' ( non-automatic ) continuous vacuum brakes, and these were lost when the engine became disconnected.

MR. CHANNING ( Northamptonshire, E .) I beg to ask the President of the Board of Trade whether 11 years ago, in reporting upon a serious collision on the Great Northern of Ireland Railway, between two portions of a train which had become separated, General Hutchinson pointed out to the Company that an automatic brake would have absolutely prevented the collision, by arresting the carriages the moment the separation occurred ; whether at that time the secretary of the company informed General Hutchinson that the simple vacuum brake, whose failure caused this accident, was being merely tried experimentally on the line, and that the company had not yet come to a decision as to what brake would be finally adopted ; and, whether, in spite of this recommendation, this simple vacuum brake, upon the failure of which General Hutchinson reported in 1878, has remained in use on the Great Northern of Ireland line ever since, and is the same brake that was in use in the recent disastrous collision near Armagh?

The earliest scheme was a simple vacuum brake, in which vacuum was created by operation of a valve on the locomotive ; the vacuum actuated brake pistons on each vehicle, and the degree of braking could be increased or decreased by the driver.

The simple vacuum system had the major defect that in the event of one of the hoses connecting the vehicles becoming displaced ( by the train accidentally dividing, or by careless coupling of the hoses, or otherwise ) the vacuum brake on the entire train was useless.

In simple distillation, all the hot vapors produced are immediately channeled into a condenser that cools and condenses the vapors.

As a result, simple distillation is usually used only to separate liquids whose boiling points differ greatly ( rule of thumb is 25 ° C ), or to separate liquids from non-volatile solids or oils.

Midrash is a way of interpreting biblical stories that goes beyond simple distillation of religious, legal or moral teachings.

Grain whisky is produced by a continuous fractional distillation process, unlike the simple distillation based batch process used for malt whisky.

* The Romans develop a simple method of distillation.

An azeotrope ( or ) is a mixture of two or more liquids in such a way that its components cannot be altered by simple distillation.

Different additives are used to make it difficult to use distillation or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation.

If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 ° C, a simple distillation is used.

A Perkin triangle is most often used where the distillates are air-sensitive or where the fractions distill and are collected under reduced pressure, but can be used for a simple and fractional distillation.

simple: Fractional distillation

A solar-thermal propulsion architecture outperforms architectures involving electrolysis and liquification of hydrogen from water by more than an order of magnitude, since electrolysis requires heavy power generators, whereas distillation only requires a simple and compact heat source ( either nuclear or solar ); so the propellant production rate is correspondingly far higher for any given initial mass of equipment.

Fractional freezing can be used as a simple method to increase the alcohol concentration in fermented alcoholic beverages, a process sometimes called freeze distillation.

A simple laboratory vacuum distillation glassware set-up can be used, in which the vacuum can be replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete.

Image: Short path distillation apparatus. svg | A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus

From a simple distillation wine spirits of 65 % by volume are obtained.

Such mixtures cannot be separated by simple distillation, because the volatility of the two components in the mixture is nearly the same, causing them to evaporate at nearly the same temperature at a similar rate, making normal distillation impractical.

Cane aguardiente was thereafter defined in Brazil as an alcoholic beverage of between 38 % and 54 % alcohol by volume, obtained by simple fermentation and distillation of sugarcane that has already been used in the sugar-production process, and which has distinct flavour similar to rum.

< http :// www. 1911encyclopedia. org / Distillation >.</ ref > However, some laboratory techniques that involve simple distillation and do not require sophisticated apparatus may use a retort as a substitute for more complex distillation equipment.

There we see a basically simple phonemic system enmeshed in a very complex and puzzling morphophonemic system.

The system as indicated in Fig. 7-2 is fundamental and simple because the transient effects of both the platform servo and the accelerometer have been neglected.

The tsunami-warning system developed since the 1946 disaster in Hawaii relies mainly on a simple and ingenious instrument devised by Commander C. K. Green of the Coast and Geodetic Survey staff.

These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Turkish alphabet of Latin origin.

Many devotees and critics of Korzybski reduced his rather complex system to a simple matter of what he said about the verb " to be.

The game is unusual in that no dice are used in resolving conflicts or player actions ; instead a simple diceless system of comparative ability, and narrative description of the action by the players and gamemaster, is used to determine how situations are resolved.

These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.

( Such as when displaying partially transparent composited elements in an embedded system which provides only a simple frame buffer.

AARP is a fairly simple system.

Aberrations occur because the simple paraxial theory is not a completely accurate model of the effect of an optical system on light, rather than due to flaws in the optical elements.

The introduction of simple auxiliary terms, due to C. F. Gauss ( Dioptrische Untersuchungen, Göttingen, 1841 ), named the focal lengths and focal planes, permits the determination of the image of any object for any system ( see lens ).

More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term " hydronium " be used in favor of the older accepted term " oxonium " to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted – Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid – base character.

For a Gaussian response system ( or a simple RC roll off ), the rise time is approximated by:

User tests, which are usually performed by clients or end-users, do not normally focus on identifying simple problems such as spelling errors and cosmetic problems, nor showstopper defects, such as software crashes ; testers and developers previously identify and fix these issues during earlier unit testing, integration testing, and system testing phases.

Applied to being the system fails to arrive at a definition for the simple reason that no difference can be found.

Unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on, the same type of system as the BBS, the session would simply fall back to simple ASCII output.

As a pharmaceutical, simple bromide ion, Br < sup >–</ sup >, has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before being replaced by shorter-acting drugs.

The distinction between broadcast and collision domains comes about because simple Ethernet and similar systems use a shared transmission system.

The term BIOS ( Basic Input / Output System ) was invented by Gary Kildall and first appeared in the CP / M operating system in 1975, describing the machine-specific part of CP / M loaded during boot time that interfaces directly with the hardware ( a CP / M machine usually has only a simple boot loader in its ROM ).

A simple nomenclature system was introduced in 1978 by Angst, J., et al., to classify more easily individuals ' affectedness within the spectrum, following a clinical study by the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zürich.

Cephalochordates have a notochord and a nerve cord ( but no brain or specialist sensory organs ) and a very simple circulatory system.

The solution of the problem is a special case of a Steiner system, which systems play an important role in the classification of finite simple groups.

Connectionism relies on the idea that the mind / brain is composed of simple nodes and that the power of the system comes primarily from the existence and manner of connections between the simple nodes.