A recent systematic review suggested that physical therapy is effective, but there is only moderate evidence to support this conclusion.

A 1998 systematic review of studies assessing its prevalence in 13 countries concluded that about 31 % of cancer patients use some form of complementary and alternative medicine .< ref name = Ernst_Cassileth > Alternative medicine varies from country to country.

A systematic 2003 review of controlled clinical trials related to the Alexander Technique found two reputable studies suggesting the Alexander Technique is effective in reducing the disability of patients suffering from Parkinson ’ s disease and improving pain behaviour and disability in patients with back pain, and concluded that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of the Alexander Technique is encouraging but not convincing.

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials published in the Archives of General Psychiatry showed up to one-third of the six-week effect of SSRI treatment can be seen in the first week.

Nevertheless, a 2009 systematic review and meta-analysis of trials in people diagnosed with schizophrenia found that less than half ( 41 %) showed any therapeutic response to an antipsychotic, compared to 24 % on placebo, and that there was a decline in treatment response over time, and possibly a bias in which trial results were published.

A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine.

Guidelines issued by the UK-based National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ), carried out a systematic review using different methodology and came to a different conclusion.

However, controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long-term use.

A systematic review of CBT in depression and anxiety disorders concluded that " CBT delivered in primary care, especially including computer-or Internet-based self-help programs, is potentially more effective than usual care and could be delivered effectively by primary care therapists.

A systematic review found that the risk of death from manipulations to the neck outweighs the benefits.

“ Health effects of Relocation following disasters: a systematic review of literature ”.

Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as the systematic review of medical literature, meta-analysis, risk-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ), EBM aims for the ideal that healthcare professionals should make " conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence " in their everyday practice.

The systematic review of published research studies is a major method used for evaluating particular treatments.

A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews ( excluding complementary treatments ) in the 1998 database revealed that, according to two readers, 41. 3 % concluded positive or possibly positive effect, 20 % concluded evidence of no effect, 8. 1 % concluded net harmful effects, and 21. 3 % of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence.

The second area is the systematic review of medical literature to evaluate the best studies on specific topics.

For example, the strongest evidence for therapeutic interventions is provided by systematic review of randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trials with allocation concealment and complete follow-up involving a homogeneous patient population and medical condition.

It concludes from a systematic review of available research that,

*" A systematic review has found that hypnosis enhances the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for conditions such as phobia, obesity, and anxiety.

According to a systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration, the best evidence in the treatment of LEMS exists for 3, 4-aminopyridine and IVIG.

A systematic review of the literature related to PID treatment was performed prior to the 2006 CDC sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines.

Consequently, a systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration ( published in 2008 ) found insufficient evidence to recommend the use of silver-treated dressings to treat infected wounds.

A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine.

In a systematic review including two prospective studies of 47, XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs and one retrospective study of 47, XYY men identified by screening men over 184 cm ( 6 ' 0 ") in height, forty-two 47, XYY boys and men had an average 99. 5 verbal IQ and 106. 4 performance IQ .< ref name =" Ratcliffe 1994 ">

In a recent systematic review of eight trials of day care for disadvantaged children under 5 years of age, long term follow up showed lower pregnancy rates among adolescents.

" In 2003, The UK ECT Review group published a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ECT to placebo and antidepressant drugs.

A systematic review identified 20 randomised controlled trials and included 12, 303 participants, compared patients who received corticosteroids with patients who received no treatment.

The concept of ki underlying Reiki is speculative and there is no scientific evidence that it exists ; a 2008 systematic review of randomised clinical trials concluded that " the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition.

A 2008 systematic review of randomised clinical trials assessing the evidence basis of reiki concluded that efficacy had not been demonstrated for any condition.

A 2009 systematic review of randomised controlled trials concludes that

Lomazzo's systematic codification of aesthetics, which typifies the more formalized and academic approaches typical of the later 16th century, controlled a consonance between the functions of interiors and the kinds of painted and sculpted decors that would be suitable.

" More comprehensive is the description by Richard Alan Nelson: " Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages ( which may or may not be factual ) via mass and direct media channels.

Usability testing usually involves systematic observation under controlled conditions to determine how well people can use the product.

On systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration, randomized controlled trials have shown a trend towards improving pregnancy rates with pentoxifylline treatment ( odds ratio of 1. 54, 95 % CI 0. 89-2. 66 ) and a decreasing trend in pain scores with treatment ( mean difference-1. 60, 95 % CI-3. 32-0. 12 ).

In a 2005 meta-analysis and systematic review of six randomized controlled trials of osteopathic manipulative treatment ( OMT ) that involved blinded assessments of lower back pain in ambulatory settings, it was concluded that OMT significantly reduces low back pain, and that the level of pain reduction is greater than expected from placebo effects alone and persists for at least three months.

The spiral model combines the idea of iterative development ( prototyping ) with the systematic, controlled aspects of the waterfall model.

In addition, laparoscopic fundoplication may reduce SF-36 score ( quality of life questionnaire ) among patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease as compared to medical management according to a Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

LMWH may reduce bleeding among patients with pulmonary embolism as compared to heparin according to a systematic review of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration.

It conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health care interventions and tries to disseminate the results and conclusions derived from them.

It was developed in response to Archie Cochrane's call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomized controlled trials of health care.

Through the NHS R & D programme, led by the first Director of Research and Development Professor Michael Peckham, funds were provided to establish a ' Cochrane Centre ', to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials across all areas of health care.

In 2009 a systematic review of randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of psychological therapies for the management of adult chronic pain ( excluding headache ) found that " CBT and BT have weak effects in improving pain.

In 2004, the British National Health Service's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) considered a systematic review of four randomized controlled trials before issuing guidelines for the use of LASIK within the NHS.

A systematic review which assessed 34 controlled trials involving a total of 767 CES patients and 867 control patients reported that in 77 % of studies ( 26 of 34 ), CES was found to significantly reduce anxiety.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of existing randomized controlled trials came to the result that there is no evidence of a beneficial effect of PGP as measured by live birth rate.

In Wörishofen ( south Germany ), Kneipp developed the systematic and controlled application of hydrotherapy for the support of medical treatment that was delivered only by doctors at that time.

In dry regions, the systematic and controlled use of irrigation also contributes to uniform vintages.

AlbinoLeffe following the systematic match fixing as a club controlled by Singapore-based organized crime was penalized 10 points in the 2012 – 13 Lega Pro Prima Divisione.

The Cochrane Collaboration, a world-wide group that aims to provide compiled scientific evidence to aid well informed health care decisions, conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health care interventions and tries to disseminate the results and conclusions derived from them.