Abd al-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Islamic Empire, which had been brought under the Abbasid following the overthrow of the Umayyads from Damascus in 750.

17th century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari poignantly described Abd al-Rahman's reaction as he implored Yahiya to keep going: " O brother!

Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region ( no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in al-Andalus before ) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemenite commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.

When some local Berber tribesmen learned of Abd al-Rahman's intent to set sail for al-Andalus, they quickly rode to catch up with him on the coast.

One of the Berbers held on to Abd al-Rahman's vessel as it made for al-Andalus, and allegedly had his hand cut off by one of the boat's crew.

Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger.

In an attempt to demoralize Abd al-Rahman's troops, al-Fihri ensured that his troops not only were well fed, but also ate gluttonous amounts of food in full view of the Umayyad lines.

Even before the fight began, dissension spread through some of Abd al-Rahman's lines.

Abd al-Rahman's progeny would, however, take up the title of caliph.

In the meantime, a call went out through the Muslim world that al-Andalus was a safe haven for friends of the house of Umayya, if not for Abd al-Rahman's scattered family that managed to evade the Abbasids.

Various Arab and Berber tribes fought each other for varying degrees of power, some cities tried to break away and form their own state, and even members of Abd al-Rahman's family tried to wrest power from him.

Revenge for the massacre of his family at the hands of the Abbasids must surely have been the driving factor in Abd al-Rahman's war plans.

By 783 Abd al-Rahman's army advanced on Zaragoza.

Included in the arsenal of Abd al-Rahman's army were thirty-six siege engines.

Abd al-Rahman's policy of taxing non-Muslims, which was often carried out by later rulers, changed the religious dynamic of al-Andalus.

The date of Abd al-Rahman's death is disputed, but is generally accepted to be sometime around 785 through 788.

Abd al-Rahman's alleged favorite son was his choice for successor, and would later be known as Hisham I. Abd ar-Rahman's progeny would continue to rule al-Andalus in the name of the house of Umayya for several generations, with the zenith of their power coming during the reign of Abd al-Rahman III.

Abd al-Rahman's mother was a member from the Nafza Berbers with whom he found refuge after the murder of his family in 750.

' Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the patron of Menahem ben Saruq, Dunash ben Labrat, and other Jewish scholars and poets.

During ' Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar Moses ben Enoch was appointed rabbi of Córdoba, and as a consequence al-Andalus became the center of Talmudic study, and Córdoba the meeting-place of Jewish savants.

Hasdai retained his high position under ' Abd al-Rahman's son and successor, Al-Hakam II, who even surpassed his father in his love for science.

When Abd al-Rahman's name was mentioned in the document, Umayyah protested, saying " I do not know Ar-Rahman " and requested that the pre-Islamic name " Abdu Amr " should be used, to which Abd al-Rahman yielded.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

They decided to try to marry Abd al-Rahman into their family.

Abd al-Rahman triumphantly marched into the capital, Córdoba.

Abd al-Rahman must have sensed that time was against him as food and water became scarce, and his troops morale likely came into question.

Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency ; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740.

Overall, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( Al-Waleed's father ) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques.

Abd al-Rahman rebelled following Hajjaj's repeated orders to push further into the lands of Zundil.

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi ( died 732 ; ), also known as Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, led the Andalusian Muslims into battle against the forces of Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours on October 10, 732 AD.

Additional squadrons reinforced the forces of Abd ar-Rahman before they proceeded to the Hellespont, into which they sailed in about April 674.

Instead, he appointed his brother Herakleios as monostrategos of the East, who firstly strengthened the land and sea defences of Anatolia before proceeding to attack the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik, winning minor victories while raiding into northern Syria in 700 and 701.

His General History ( al-Akhbar al-Tiwal ) has been edited and published numerous times ( Vladimir Guirgass, 1888 ; Muhammad Sa ' id Rafi ' i, 1911 ; ' Abd al-Munim ' Amir & Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960 ; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj ' Ali, 2001 ), but has not been translated in its entirety into a European language.

The American historian, Richard Bulliet, in a work based on the quantitative use of the onomastic data as furnished by scholarly biographical dictionaries, concluded that it was only in the 10th century when the Andalusi emirate was firmly established and developed into the greatest power of the western Mediterranean under Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III, that the numerical ratio of Muslims and Christians in Al-Andalus was reversed in favour of the former.

Later Hamama passed into Muslim Mamluk hands, and by 1333 / 4 CE ( 734 H .) some of the income from the village formed part of a waqf of the tomb ( turba ) and madrasa of Aqbugha b. Abd Allah in Cairo.

With the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 743, the Islamic world was launched into civil war.

He entered into negotiations with Muhammed ibn ' Abd Allah, the Mahdi of the Ogaden, and sent him rifles and ammunition.

It was into the house ' Abd al-Muttalib of Banu Hashim of Quraysh that Muhammad was born.

In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France.

So the caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik became temporarily in charge, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade of soldiers and spoils, to delay his grand entry into the city.

Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik was instrumental in enriching the literature by instructing scholars to translate works into Arabic.

Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ's disciple Mawlūd Vāl initiated the 19th-century Fulbe leader Al-Ḥājj Umar Tall ( Allaaji Omar Taal ) and the Fulbe cleric ` Abd al-Karīm an-Nāqil from Futa Jalon ( modern Guinea ) into the order.

Meanwhile, Holmes is pulled by two old friends and a distant relation into the growing war between France, Spain, and the Rif Revolt led by Emir Abd el-Krim-who may be a Robin Hood, or a power mad tribesman.

The famous ruler of the emirate of Córdoba, Abd al-Rahman III, managed to reunite Muslim Spain, and carried the emirate of Córdoba to its zenith, transforming it into the prestigious caliphate of Córdoba in 929.