According to Kenneth S. Rogoff, " Although the development of international capital markets was quite limited prior to 1800, we nevertheless catalog the numerous defaults of France, Portugal, Prussia, Spain, and the early Italian city-states.

* According to culinary writer Giuliano Bugialli, the term comes from the Italian bagno maria, named after Maria de ' Cleofa, who developed the technique in Florence in the sixteenth century.

According to some researchers, despite the significant differences between the writing systems, Italian, German and English populations suffer similarly from dyslexia.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

According to Robert Evans, head of Paramount Pictures at the time, Coppola also did not initially want to direct the film because he feared it would glorify the Mafia and violence, and thus reflect poorly on his Sicilian and Italian heritage ; on the other hand, Evans specifically wanted an Italian-American to direct the film because his research had shown that previous films about the Mafia that were directed by non-Italians had fared dismally at the box office, and he wanted to, in his own words, " smell the spaghetti ".

According to Italian journalist Enrico Deaglio, Cossiga to justify his lack of action " accused the leaders of CGIL and of the Italian Communist Party to know the location where Moro was detained ".

According to the Italian Constitution, after his resignation from the office of President, Cossiga became lifetime senator, joining his predecessors in the upper house of parliament, with whom he also shared the title of President Emeritus of the Italian Republic.

According to the Italian government, there were 4, 570, 317 foreign residents in Italy as of January 2011.

According to the EU's statistics body Eurostat, Italian public debt stood at 116 % of GDP in 2010, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after Greece ( with 126. 8 %).

According to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a mother tongue by 65 million people in the EU ( 13 % of the EU population ), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million ( 3 %).

According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200, 000 foreign students that are learning Italian language ; they are distributed in the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture in the world, in the 179 Italian schools abroad and in the 111 Italian sections that are open into foreign schools.

According to Professor Grillo, these exchanges are " pure Italian.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, Linus was an Italian from Tuscany ( though his name is Greek ) and born in Volterra, and his father's name was Herculanus.

According to one hypothesis, an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches.

According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.

According to the Mitrokhin Archives, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were either unwilling or unable to stop the StB.

According to the Italian Constitution, the President of the Italian Republic is not accountable, and he is not responsible for any act of his office, unless he has committed high treason or attempted to subvert the Constitution.

According to a French etymology, the Italian tarocco derived from Arabic طرح ṭarḥ, ' rejection ; subtraction, deduction, discount '.

According to the medieval chronicler John of Worcester, Ealdred was given the see of Ramsbury to administer while Herman remained outside England.

According to the medieval chronicler Geoffrey Gaimar, after the Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold entrusted the loot gained from Harold Hardrada to Ealdred.

According to Matthew Paris, the 13th century chronicler of St Albans Abbey, Abbot Ulsinus ( Wulsin ) founded three churches in 948, reputedly to tend to the physical and spiritual needs of the growing number of pilgrims to Alban's shrine: St Peter's, St Stephen's and St Michael's.

According to the contemporary chronicler John Strecche, who lived at the neighbouring Kenilworth Priory, the French openly mocked Henry in 1414 by sending him a gift of tennis balls at Kenilworth.

According to the late 13th century chronicler Martin of Opava, Stephen VIII was described as being a German, who was elected pope due to the power and influence of his royal relative, the German king Otto I. Martin states that Otto ignored the will of the cardinals in imposing Stephen upon them, and because Stephen was hated for being a German, he was taken by supporters of Alberic II, who proceeded to maim and disfigure him to such an extent that Stephen was unable to appear in public again.

According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless ; in an orgy of medieval brutality, the infamous mercenary captain Mercadier had the crossbowman flayed alive and hanged as soon as Richard died.

According to the Primary Chronicle Rurik was one of the Rus, a Varangian tribe likened by the chronicler to Danes, Swedes, English and Gotlanders.

According to a 17th century chronicler, Ibrahim had asked Suleiman not to promote him to such high positions, fearing for his safety ; to which Suleiman replied that under his reign no matter what the circumstance, Ibrahim would never be put to death.

According to the official court chronicler Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives " had nothing more than the status of marriage.

According to the mediæval chronicler Berthold of Reichenau, the nobleman Burkhard I, Count of Zollern ( de Zolorin ) was born before 1025 and died in 1061.

According to the chronicler Widukind of Corvey, Otto " pitched his camp in the territory of the city of Augsburg and joined there the forces of Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, who was himself lying mortally ill nearby, and by Duke Conrad with a large following of Franconian knights.

According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica.

According to the 1463 Chronica Austriae by chronicler Thomas Ebendorfer the duke on 23 May 1420, at the behest of the Church, ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews.

According to the Norman chronicler, William of Jumièges, Robert I, Duke of Normandy attempted an invasion of England to place Edward on the throne in about 1034, but it was blown off course to Jersey.

According the German chronicler Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, the decades long forced Germanization and Christianization of the Slavs associated with these two churches was the reason for their destruction.

According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine de ' Medici was born, her parents, were " as pleased as if it had been a boy ".

According to the court chronicler Brantôme, " many people advised the king and the Dauphin to repudiate her, since it was necessary to continue the line of France ".

According to the bland description of a southern chronicler, he " succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians ".

According to the chronicler John the Deacon, author of the Chronicon Venetum (" Chronicle of Venice "), written about AD 1000, the office of the Doge was first instituted in Venice about 700, replacing tribunes that had led the cluster of early settlements in the lagoon.

According to the twelfth century chronicler William of Malmesbury, the abbey was built on a gravel spur " between the rivers Kennet and Thames, on a spot calculated for the reception of almost all who might have occasion to travel to the more populous cities of England ".

According to the earlier chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth ( c. 1100 – c. 1155 ), Ebraucus had fifty children by his twenty wives, and was the founder of " Kaerebrauc " ( York ), " Alclud " ( Dumbarton ), and the " Maidens ' Castle ".

According to contemporaneous chronicler Richer, the castle built by Foulques Nerra in the 990s consisted of a tower and a surrounding enclosure.

According to chronicler Orderic Vitalis, the crew asked William Adelin for drink and he supplied it to them in great abundance.

According to chronicler William of Newburgh royal castles formed the " bones of the kingdom ".

According to chancellor and chronicler Pero López de Ayala, he had a pale complexion, with blue eyes and very light blond hair ; he was tall ( 1 ' 83 m .) and muscular.