" Adiabatic free expansion.

Temperature-Entropy diagram The idealized diagrams of a four-stroke Otto cycle Pressure volume diagram | Both diagrams: the < span style =" margin: 1px ; background :# 10ff00 ;"> intake ( A ) </ span > stroke is performed by an Isobaric process | isobaric expansion, followed by an Adiabatic process | adiabatic < span style =" margin: 1px ; background :# ffae21 ;"> compression ( B ) </ span > stroke.

The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle Pressure volume diagram | p-V diagram: the < span style =" margin: 1px ; background-color: # 10ff00 ;"> intake ( A ) </ span > stroke is performed by an Isobaric process | isobaric expansion, followed by the < span style =" margin: 1px ; background-color: # ffae21 ;"> compression ( B ) </ span > stroke, performed by an Adiabatic process | adiabatic compression.

# Adiabatic expansion of the gas.

Adiabatic compression or expansion more closely model real life when a compressor has good insulation, a large gas volume, or a short time scale ( i. e., a high power level ).

( Adiabatic effects in rapidly expanding compressed gases can generate very high temperatures, up to 1000 degrees Celsius.

Adiabatic heating occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased from work done on it by its surroundings, e. g. a piston.

Adiabatic cooling occurs when the pressure of a substance is decreased as it does work on its surroundings.

Reversible Adiabatic Process | adiabatic process: The state on the left can be reached from the state on the right as well as vice versa without exchanging heat with the environment.

Irreversible Adiabatic Process | adiabatic process: If the cylinder is a perfect insulator, the initial top-left state cannot be reached anymore after it is changed to the one on the top-right.

* Adiabatic Demagnetisation Refrigeration, a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect

An atomic coherence is essential in research on several effects, such as electromagnetically induced transparency ( EIT ), lasing without inversion ( LWI ), enhanced dispersion without absorption, Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage ( STIRAP ) and nonlinear optical interaction with enhanced efficiency.

Adiabatic processes can occur if the container of the system has thermally-insulated walls or the process happens in an extremely short time, so that there is no opportunity for significant heat exchange.

Adiabatic cooling occurs in the Earth's atmosphere with orographic lifting and lee waves, and this can form pileus or lenticular clouds if the air is cooled below the dew point.

Adiabatic changes in temperature occur due to changes in pressure of a gas while not adding or subtracting any heat.

Adiabatic heating also occurs in the Earth's atmosphere when an air mass descends, for example, in a katabatic wind or Foehn or chinook wind flowing downhill over a mountain range.

Adiabatic cooling does not have to involve a fluid.

" Adiabatic Processes.

* Thorngren, Dr. Jane R .. " Adiabatic Processes.

Lockheed Martin and the University of Southern California ( USC ) reached an agreement to house the D-Wave One Adiabatic Quantum Computer at the newly formed USC Lockheed Martin Quantum Computing Center, part of USC's Information Sciences Institute campus in Marina del Rey.

* Adiabatic magnetization: A magnetocaloric substance is placed in an insulated environment.

* Adiabatic demagnetization: The substance is returned to another adiabatic ( insulated ) condition so the total entropy remains constant.

# Adiabatic compression of the gas.

* M. Baer, " Adiabatic and diabatic representations for atom-molecule collisions: treatment of the collinear arrangement ", Chem.

* Adiabatic storage retains the heat produced by compression and returns it to the air when the air is expanded to generate power.

The pressure within the ghetto causes the ghetto walls to expand, and this expansion is always violent.

The rapid expansion of gases leaving the Boomerang Nebula causes the lowest observed temperature outside a laboratory.

The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time ( and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation ).

Ground movement beneath a structure's foundations can occur due to shrinkage or swell of expansive soils due to climatic changes, frost expansion of soil, melting of permafrost, slope instability, or other causes.

The arrival of new firms or expansion of existing firms ( if returns to scale are constant ) in the market causes the ( horizontal ) demand curve of each individual firm to shift downward, bringing down at the same time the price, the average revenue and marginal revenue curve.

This in turn causes the star to become more luminous ( from 1, 000 – 10, 000 times brighter ) and expand ; the degree of expansion outstrips the increase in luminosity, causing the effective temperature to decrease.

Afterward, the uranium hexafluoride is compressed by external means, thus initiating a nuclear chain reaction and a great amount of heat, which in turn causes an expansion of the uranium hexafluoride.

In fact adding the cosmological constant to Einstein's equations does not lead to a static universe at equilibrium because the equilibrium is unstable: if the universe expands slightly, then the expansion releases vacuum energy, which causes yet more expansion.

As nebulae age, their expansion causes their density to decrease.

For example, a GAA triplet expansion in the first intron of the X25 gene appears to interfere with transcription, and causes Friedreich Ataxia ( Bidichandani 1998 ).

Forced convection may happen by natural means, such as when the heat of a fire causes expansion of air and bulk air flow by this means.

Variable salinity in water and variable water content in air masses are frequent causes of convection in the oceans and atmosphere which do not involve heat, or else involve additional compositional density factors other than the density changes from thermal expansion ( see thermohaline circulation ).

Water trapped in the structure of the material vapourises and escapes, and this causes the expansion of the material to 7 – 16 times its original volume.

Despite the gradual expansion of medical knowledge on SIDS causes and risk factors, definitive diagnosis remains difficult ; infanticide and child abuse cases may be misdiagnosed as SIDS due to lack of evidence, and caretakers of SIDS victims are sometimes falsely accused of foul play.

The term hollow-cavity bullet is used to describe a hollow point where the hollow is unusually large, sometimes dominating the volume of the bullet, and causes extreme expansion or fragmentation on impact.

The increasing volume of the liquid causes rapid expansion of the lower intestinal tract, often resulting in very uncomfortable bloating, cramping, powerful peristalsis, a feeling of extreme urgency and complete evacuation of the lower intestinal tract.

Because of intermolecular attractive forces ( see Van der Waals force ), expansion causes an increase in the potential energy of the gas.

Below the Joule – Thomson inversion temperature, the former effect ( work done internally against intermolecular attractive forces ) dominates, and free expansion causes a decrease in temperature.

Above the inversion temperature, gas molecules move faster and so collide more often, and the latter effect ( reduced collisions causing a decrease in the average potential energy ) dominates: Joule – Thomson expansion causes a temperature increase.

The leading edge of the object causes a shock ( left, in red ) and the trailing edge of the object causes an expansion ( right, in blue ).

It reacts with acidic components in batters, releasing carbon dioxide, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, and other baked and fried foods.

In 1905, when Gokhale was elected president of the Indian National Congress and was at the height of his political power, he founded the Servants of India Society to specifically further one of the causes dearest to his heart: the expansion of Indian education.

Because of the difference in burn rates between the two different fuels, petrol engines are mechanically designed with different timing than diesels, so to auto-ignite a petrol engine causes the expansion of gas inside the cylinder to reach its greatest point before the cylinder has reached the " top dead center " ( TDC ) position.