Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

* 1978 – Mir Akbar Khyber was assassinated, provoking a communist coup d ' état in Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Massoud ( Aḥmad Šāh Mas ' ūd ; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001 ) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan.

After the Soviet withdrawal, between 1992 and 1996, he was minister of defense in the new government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan under president Burhanuddin Rabbani, and acted as its military leader in the civil war against competing militias around Kabul.

He was assassinated, probably at the instigation of al-Qaeda, in a suicide bombing on September 9, 2001, just two days before the September 11 attacks that finally caused the US and NATO to intervene in Afghanistan, allying themselves with Massoud's forces.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

In 1973, Mohammed Daoud Khan was brought to power in a coup d ' état against the Afghan King and the Republic of Afghanistan was established.

In the 19th century there was a province in Afghanistan named Turkestan Province until abolished by Abdur Rahman, and was centred on Mazari Sharif and included territory in the modern provinces of Balkh, Jowzjan, Faryab and Sar-e Pol.

Abdur Rahman Khan () ( between 1830 to 1844 – October 1, 1901 ) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.

The Amir Sher Ali marched up against them from Kandahar ; but in the battle that ensued at Sheikhabad on May 10, he was deserted by a large body of his troops, and after his signal defeat Abdur Rahman released his father, Afzul Khan, from prison in Ghazni, and installed him upon the throne as Amir of Afghanistan.

In March 1880, a report reached India that Abdur Rahman was in northern Afghanistan ; and the governor-general, Lord Lytton, opened communications with him to the effect that the British government were prepared to withdraw their troops, and to recognize Abdur Rahman as Amir of Afghanistan, with the exception of Kandahar and some districts adjacent to it.

The British evacuation of Afghanistan was settled on the terms proposed, and in 1881, the British troops also handed over Kandahar to the new Amir.

From that time Abdur Rahman was fairly seated on the throne at Kabul, and in the course of the next few years he consolidated his dominion over all Afghanistan, suppressing insurrections by a sharp and relentless use of his despotic authority.

In 1885, at the moment when the Amir was in conference with the British viceroy, Lord Dufferin, in India, the news came of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops at Panjdeh, over a disputed point in the demarcation of the northwestern frontier of Afghanistan.

To one who had been a man of war from his youth, who had won and lost many fights, the rout of a detachment and the forcible seizure of some debatable frontier lands was an untoward incident ; but it was not a sufficient reason for calling upon the British, although they had guaranteed his territory's integrity, to vindicate his rights by hostilities which would certainly bring upon him a Russian invasion from the north, and would compel his British allies to throw an army into Afghanistan from the southeast.

In 1893, Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other pending questions.

In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.

In the year 1893, during rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, a Royal Commission for setting up of Boundary between Afghanistan and British Governed India was set up to negotiate terms with the British, for the agreeing to the Durand line, and the two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near Khost, Afghanistan.

Afghanistan was represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and the Governor Sardar Shireendil Khan representing Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.

Sakharov was arrested on January 22, 1980, following his public protests against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and was sent to internal exile in the city of Gorky, now Nizhny Novgorod, a city that was off-limits to foreigners.

Trade in goods smuggled into Pakistan once constituted a major source of revenue for Afghanistan.

The Sari-i-Sang mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade.

As of December 31, 2005, the largest source countries of refugees are Afghanistan, Iraq, Sierra Leone, Myanmar, Somalia, South Sudan, and the Palestinian Territories.

The war between the mujahideen and the Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan has been claimed as the source of the term " asymmetric warfare ", although this war occurred years after Mack wrote of " asymmetric conflict ," it is notable that the term became well known in the West only in the 1990s.

Depending on the source, the ethnic Pashtuns constitute 42-60 % of the population of Afghanistan.

Old Persian tuxāri -, Khotanese ttahvāra, and Sanskrit tukhāra ), the source of the term " Tokharistan " usually referring to 1st millennium Bactria, as well as the Takhar province of Afghanistan.

Because the Durand Line divides the Pashtun and Baloch people, it continues to be a source of tension between the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

According to a White House spokesman, the Commando Solo missions gave the Afghan people “ full knowledge about what is happening in Afghanistan from a source other than a repressive Taliban regime .” The 193d remained in the region until ground psychological warfare operations stations were safely established.

Early speculation about the source of the attack centered on Saudi-born terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, who was living in and working from Afghanistan.

" one of the most cost-effective steps Washington could take would be to boost the agriculture sector of Afghanistan, which in years past had been a productive and profitable source of exports.

Afghanistan is an important source of pine nuts.

Another water source is Tejen River, which flows north from Afghanistan in the south-east corner of the province, passing through two large reservoirs south of the city of Tejen.

Because Afghanistan's Buddhist population no longer exists, which removed the possibility of the statues being worshiped, he added: " The government considers the Bamiyan statues as an example of a potential major source of income for Afghanistan from international visitors.

Some sources state that the policy to control Afghanistan was formulated by General Mirza Aslam Beg, and an Indian source claims this was continued as an active policy by the Pakistan Army until the policy was " de jure abolished in 1998 and de facto abolished in 2001.

According to the DEA, Mexico remains the only heroin source route to heroin laboratories in Afghanistan.

KH-11 satellites are believed to have been the source of some imagery of the Soviet Union and China made public in 1997, as well as images of Sudan and Afghanistan made public in 1998 that were related to the response to the 1998 U. S. embassy bombings.

For the British in India, Afghanistan was long seen as a potential source of threat.

The etymology of the word azure has been traced back to the Persian word لاژورد " Lazheward ", which is the name of a place in northeastern Afghanistan that in ancient times was the main source for lapis lazuli, a semi-precious rock with a vivid blue color.

The deli has arranged special international shipping only for U. S. military addresses and has been a source of gift packages to the troops stationed in Afghanistan and Iraq.

The disease has been seen to occur after famines in Europe ( France, Spain, Germany ), North Africa, South Asia, and is still prevalent in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Afghanistan ( pan handle ) when Lathyrus seed is the exclusive or main source of nutrients for extended periods.

Zawahiri and bin Laden flee to the sufficiently safe Afghanistan and declare a new strategy ; to fight Western-inspired moral decay they must deal a blow to its source: the United States.

The company has provided a ready source of trained augmentees to perform intelligence duties with Canadian contingents abroad, most recently in both Afghanistan and Bosnia.

Afghanistan, which had served as a haven and source of support for Al-Qaeda, under the protection of Mullah Omar and the Taliban, was the target of a U. S. invasion in 2001, and ongoing reconstruction and drug-eradication efforts.

* Video British Bv S10s part of ISAF convoy in southern Afghanistan ( source: British Ministry of Defense ).