Afonso de Albuquerque ( or archaically spelt as Aphonso d ' Albuquerque and also spelt as Alfonso, and Alphonso ; ; 1453December 16, 1515 ), 1st Duke of Goa, was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

In 1138, Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated by Alfonso VII of León, and in the Battle of Ourique ( 1139 ), by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown.

Afonso I ( 25 June 1109, Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185, Coimbra ), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (), nicknamed " the Conqueror " (), " the Founder " () or " the Great " () by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali (" the Portuguese ") and Ibn-Arrik (" son of Henry ", " Henriques ") by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal.

Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy and Theresa of León, the natural daughter of King Alfonso VI of León.

Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal ( up to then Southern Galicia ) into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler ( Duke of Portugal ) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles.

In 1169 the now old Dom Afonso was disabled in an engagement near Badajoz by a fall from his horse, and made prisoner by the soldiers of the king of León, his son-in-law.

Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia ( north of the Minho ) in the previous years.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who was removed from the throne on 4 January 1248.

As the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother Sancho.

Since Sancho was not a popular king, the order was not hard to enforce ; he was exiled to Castile and Afonso III became king in 1248 after his brother's death.

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 ), called the Brave (), was King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death.

Afonso, born in Lisbon, was the rightful heir to the Portuguese throne.

However, he was not, according to several sources, Dinis ' favourite son ; his half-brother, the illegitimate Afonso Sanches, enjoyed full royal favour.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

Afonso IV was not happy to see his daughter abused, and started a war against Castile.

Afonso IV was displeased with his son's choice of lovers, and hoped that the relationship would be a futile one.

Henry de Montherlant's French drama La Reine morte was inspired by the conflict between King Afonso and Pedro and Inês.

The first years of his reign were marked instead by internal disturbances between Afonso and his brothers and sisters.

Afonso IV granted public funding to raise a proper commercial fleet and ordered the first maritime explorations.

In 1442, the king made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza.

* Afonso I of Kongo ( 1456 – 1543 ) the first Christian king of the Kingdom of Kongo

The city of Alcobaça became notable after the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, decided to build there a church to celebrate the Conquest of Santarém, to the Moors, in 1147.

* Afonso Henriques, first king of Portugal

* Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia becomes the first to explore the western coast of Africa past the Tropic of Cancer.

* May 20 ( Feast of the Ascension ) – Ascension Island is first definitely sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.

He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence.

* 1254 – King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the Cortes ( Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities ) in Leiria.

* Martin Afonso de Souza's expedition patrols the Brazilian coast, banishes the French, and creates the first colonial towns: São Vicente and São Paulo.

* King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the Cortes ( Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities ) in Leiria.

Afonso proclaimed himself first Prince of Portugal and in 1139 the first King of Portugal.

On the Asiatic mainland the first trading stations were established by Pedro Álvares Cabral at Cochin and Calicut ( 1501 ); more important were the conquests of Goa ( 1510 ) and Malacca ( 1511 ) by Afonso de Albuquerque, and the acquisition of Diu ( 1535 ) by Martim Afonso de Sousa.

The reign of Afonso II (" the Fat ") is noteworthy for the first meeting of the Portuguese Cortes, to which the upper hierarchy of the Church and the nobles ( fidalgos and ricos homens ) were summoned by royal writ.

The celebration of this marriage, while Matilda, countess of Boulogne and first wife of Afonso III, was still alive, entailed the imposition of an interdict upon the kingdom.

* 1511 — Duarte Fernandes is the first European to visit the Kingdom of Siam ( Thailand ), sent by Afonso de Albuquerque after the conquest of Malaca.

* 1512 — Pedro Mascarenhas discovered the island of Diego Garcia, he also encountered the Mauritius, although he may not have been the first to do so ; expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507 may have encountered the islands.

The first Portuguese viscountcy, that of D. Leonel de Lima, visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira, dates from the reign of Afonso V. A flood of viscountcies, some 86 new titles, was awarded in Portugal between 1848 and 1880 ( Portuguese Wikipedia ).

Philip then remarried, to Princess Matilda of Portugal, daughter of Afonso I, the first King of Portugal, and Maud of Savoy.

Afonso married in 1146 Mafalda or Maud of Savoy ( 1125 – 1158 ), daughter of Amadeo III, Count of Savoy, and Mahaut of Albon.

Afonso married Infanta Urraca of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIIIof Castile and Leonora of England, in 1206.

In 1309, Afonso IV married Infanta Beatrice of Castile, daughter of King Sancho IV of Castile by his wife Maria de Molina.

Afonso married Beatrice of Castile ( 1293 – 1359 ) in 1309, daughter of Sancho IV, King of Castile, and María de Molina and had four sons and three daughters.

Isabella died in 1455 and Afonso married again ( although not recognized by the Papacy ) in 1475, this time to Joanna of Castile ( known as " La Beltraneja "), daughter of Henry IV of Castile and Joan of Portugal.

He married and had four children: Pedro Cão, Manuel Cão, André Afonso Cão, and Isabel Cão.

Her firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married Afonso of Portugal, forging important ties between these two neighboring countries and hopefully ensuring future alliance, but Isabella soon died before giving birth to an heir.

Hostilities between Portugal and the reunited kingdoms of León and Castile were terminated in 1297 by a treaty of alliance, in accordance with which Ferdinand IV of Castile married Constance, daughter of Dinis, while Afonso, son of Denis, married Beatrice of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand.

Peter, the heir, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke of Peñafiel ( near Valladolid ), and Afonso IV brought a strong Portuguese army to aid the Castilians against the Moors of Granada and their African allies.

An unwise foreign policy simultaneously injured the royal prestige, for Afonso married his own niece, Joanna, daughter of Henry IV of Castile, and claimed the kingdom in her name.

In 1165 he married Urraca, daughter of Afonso of Portugal.

* Beatrice, married King Afonso III of Portugal.

:# Mafalda ( Mahaut ), ( 1125-1158 ), married Afonso I of Portugal

The oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, had been married to Afonso, Prince of Portugal, since childhood.

Fernando married Leonor Telles ( or Teles ) de Menezes, formerly the wife of the late nobleman João Lourenço da Cunha, Lord of Pombeiro, and daughter of Martim Afonso Teles de Menezes.

* Teresa Sánchez, who married Dom João Afonso de Menezes ( died 5 May 1304 ), 1st Conde de Barcelos in Portugal, the first Portuguese hereditary Count, 4th Lord of Alburquerque in Castille and 29th Mordomo-Mór of Portugal, and had female issue, and Rui Gil de Vilalobos, and had female issue

Afonso IV married his daughter, Maria, to Alfonso XI of Castile, but quickly learned that she was being mistreated by her husband.

Feeling as though his daughter was being dishonored, Afonso was glad to enter into an alliance with Juan Manuel and married his son and heir, Peter, to Constance.

In the years to follow, the Queen tried a coup-d ' etat with the help of her family ; Peter, married to an Aragonese whose family fought for Castilian power against the Queen's family, managed to send her back to Castile, appeased older Afonso giving him the Duchy of Braganza and conquered the thrust of his sons by promising them military titles, married his daughter to the young King, and assumed the Regency, establishing himself as the most powerful man in Portugal with the help of his brother Henry.

In the subsequent civil war, Afonso V of Portugal married Juana and invaded Castile ( May 1475 ), defending her rights.

The king had three other children by his long-time mistress, Inês Peres Esteves ; their son Afonso was ten when Philippa and John married.