Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented.

* 1831 – Nat Turner's slave rebellion commences just after midnight in Southampton County, Virginia, leading to the deaths of more than 50 whites and several hundred African Americans who are killed in retaliation for the uprising.

Author James Basker states that the song has been employed by African Americans as the " paradigmatic Negro spiritual " because it expresses the joy felt at being delivered from slavery and worldly miseries.

African American Vernacular English | AAVE-influenced non-rhotic pronunciations may be African American Vernacular English | found among African Americans throughout the country.

African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes ) are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.

African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States.

Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States.

* African Americans in the 1960s

* Military history of African Americans

* African Americans in France

* Index of articles related to African Americans

* Lists of African Americans

A History of African Americans, by John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947.

The cuisine of the American South has been influenced by the many diverse inhabitants of the region, including Americans of European descent, Native Americans and African Americans.

Together with earlier arrivals to the United States ( including the indigenous American Indians, Hispanic and Latino Americans, particularly in the West, Southwest, and Texas ; African Americans who came to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade ; and early colonial migrants from Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere ), these new waves of immigrants had a pro profound impact on national or regional cuisine.

The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans.

* Antipsychotics, particularly atypicals, appear to cause diabetes mellitus and fatal diabetic ketoacidosis, especially ( in US studies ) in African Americans.

African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.

The CTCA program of activities was profuse: William Farnum and Mary Pickford on the screen, Elsie Janis and Harry Lauder on the stage, books provided by the American Library Association, full equipment for games and sports -- except that no `` bones '' were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as `` African golf ''.

Field operations were transferred from administrative personnel primarily engaged in other tasks to specially trained teams of full-time African investigators ( three teams, each working in two provinces ).

God knows what the African nations, who hold 25 per cent of the voting stock in the U.N. were thinking -- they may, for example, have been thinking of the U.S. abstention when the vote on Algerian freedom was before the Assembly -- but I think I have a fairly accurate notion of what the Negroes in the gallery were thinking.

Secretary-General Hammarskjold decided that it would be preferable if the U.N. troops sent into the Congo were to come from African, or at least nonwhite, nations -- certainly not from the U.S., Russia, Great Britain or France.

Tracing the blues from its African roots among the slaves who were brought to this country and the West Indies, he stressed the close relationship between the early jazz forms and the music of the Negro churches.

The Alps were formed over hundreds of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided ; the extreme compression caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentation rising and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in the same genus ; subsequently they were separated into two different genera.

The ancestors of today's African American population were brought to the United States as slaves, working primarily in the plantations of the South.

They were from hundreds of tribes across West Africa, and brought with them certain traits of West African music including call and response vocals and complex rhythmic music, as well as syncopated beats and shifting accents.

His message can be described as confrontational and controversial, which can be related to the political climate of most of the African countries in the 1960s, many of which were dealing with political injustice and military corruption while recovering from the transition from colonial governments to self-determination.

Listed bonds were partly issued by companies and partly by governments of the West African Monetary and Economic Union ( UEMOA ).

Simpler forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in Colonial America, adapted from several African instruments of similar design.

However, the Californian, North African ( Atlas bear ), and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the 1870s, 1922, and more recently, respectively, and the not officially recognized Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears.

Kante created N ’ Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a " cultureless people " since prior to this time there had been no indigenous African writing system for his language.

At the same time the African and Oceanic collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family-with the donation valued at £ 25 million.

By that time, the majority of black people were U. S .- born, so use of the term " African " became problematic.

African Americans were his playmates, and his father enjoyed watching him jig dance with black children.

They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention ( which created the South African Republic in 1852 ), the Bloemfontein Convention ( which created the Orange Free State Republic in 1854 ), the Pretoria Convention ( which re-established the independence of the South African Republic 1881 ), the London Convention ( which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in 1884 ) and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty, which formally ended the Second Anglo-Boer War on 31 May 1902.

One of the most talented and respected pioneers of African rhumba-Tabu Ley Pascal Rochereau. Congolese modern music is also influenced in part by its politics.

They are considered to be one of the pioneers of the South African drum ' n bass scene.

They were, together with among others Franco Luambo's OK Jazz band, pioneers of the African variant of Rumba, that later evolved into Soukous.

Abedi Pele was one of the pioneers of African football in Europe.

Lawrence Winters and Robert McFerrin were other notable African American opera pioneers to sing with the company during this period.

Born in Sidi Ach, Tunisia, Mohammed Gammoudi was one of the pioneers of the African long distance running revolution that changed the face of the sport in the final decades of the 20th century.

He was one of the African pioneers of the Négritude movement.

After her death, her friend and advisor, Dr. Chris Chapman completed a book about her life and the African American pioneers she had worked with and been friends with, including Dr. Carter G. Woodson, Alain Locke, Dorothy West, Josephine Baker, and Matthew Henson.

In October 2007 Orchestra Baobab released the album Made in Dakar on World Circuit Records, leading commentators to claim that Baobab had reclaimed their place as pioneers of African Pop.

* Integrating with All Deliberate Speed -- contains video history interviews with African American Civil Rights pioneers, a timeline of the Civil Rights Movement and primary source materials ( photographs, speeches, historical documents ).

Its early jazz-pop R & B sound gave the group a huge following among the African American community and they are regarded as musical pioneers among the Asian American and Japanese American community.