This followed the deaths in 1584 of the allies William the Silent, Prince of Orange, and Francis, Duke of Anjou, and the surrender of a series of Dutch towns to Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Philip's governor of the Spanish Netherlands.

In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army under general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma ( Siege of Maastricht, 1579 ).

He later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as Cardinals Alexander Farnese, Reginald Pole and Charles Borromeo.

* December 3 – Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma ( b. 1545 )

* September 17 – Ghent falls into the hands of Alexander Farnese, governor of the Spanish Netherlands.

* January 31 – Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch.

Alexander Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.

* August 27 – Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma ( d. 1592 )

Prior to the speech the Armada had been driven from the Strait of Dover in the Battle of Gravelines eleven days earlier, and had by now rounded Scotland on its way home, but troops were still held at ready in case the Spanish army of Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma, might yet attempt to invade from Dunkirk ; two days later they were discharged.

In 1572, the Spanish troops under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, took over the city and mostly destroyed it.

During the Reformation, the people of Oudenaarde chose Protestantism and allied themselves with Ghent against Charles V. In 1582, after a prolonged siege by Margaret's son, Alexander Farnese, the city finally gave in, causing most merchants, workers, and even nobles to flee.

Alexander Farnese had been brought up in Spain with his cousin, the ill-fated Don Carlos, and Don John, both of whom were about the same age as himself, and after his marriage he took up his residence at once in the court of Madrid.

In 1586, Alexander Farnese became Duke of Parma through the death of his father.

* Alexander Farnese ( 27 August 15453 December 1592 ), 3rd Duke of Parma ; married Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue.

* Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma ( 1635 – 1689 ), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands

# REDIRECT Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma

Although the northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, established their independence as the United Provinces after 1581, the southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.

Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal ; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III.

He then escaped to Mantes and in September collected a fresh army at Meaux, and with the assistance of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, sent by Philip II of Spain, raised the siege of Paris, which was about to surrender to Henry IV.

In the spring, Henry IV returned to the field ; he won significant victories at Ivry and Arques and laid siege to Paris ( despite being greatly outnumbered ), but a Spanish army under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma lifted the siege.

In 1580, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma took Valenciennes and Protestantism was eradicated there, but despite these conflicts Valenciennes remained under Spanish protection.

Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma, used these counties as a base to start his conquest of the separatist parts ( members of the Union of Utrecht ).

This enabled him to send a new Spanish army from Italy, under the command of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.

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