In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

Alexander was then forced to restore the conquered towns to the Thessalians, confine himself to Pherae, join the Boeotian League, and become a dependent ally of Thebes.

It was known to the Hittites as Hapanuwa, and was later occupied by Phrygians, Lydians and Achaemenid Persians until it was conquered by Alexander the Great.

Koine Greek can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of Alexander the Great, but after the Hellenistic colonization of the known world, it was spoken from Egypt to the fringes of India.

Alexander conquered Persia in little more than a decade.

In 333 BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great defeated Persia and conquered the region.

Alexander the Great conquered this empire in the 4th century BC.

The region of northern Canaan was subsequently merged into the empire of Alexander the Great, who notably conquered Tyre ( 332 BC ) by extending a still-extant causeway from the mainland in a seven-month effort.

Philip's son Alexander the Great conquered most of the remainder of the region, incorporating it in his empire, with exclusion of Dardania.

He distributed kingdoms between his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia ( which were never conquered by Rome ), his twin Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia.

Crushing the Persian Achaemenid empire, Alexander the Great, the Greek king from Macedonia, eventually invaded the region of modern Pakistan and conquered much of the Punjab region.

Even the gods and heroes were primarily depicted barefoot, and the hoplite warriors fought battles in bare feet and Alexander the Great conquered his vast empire with barefoot armies.

Alexander the Great conquered the region in 328 BC, bringing it briefly under the control of his Macedonian Empire.

* 330 BC: Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire, decline and depopulation of Ancient Greece with large migrations towards the conquered lands.

* The Partition of Babylon sets out the division of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great between his generals.

Even the Gods and heroes were primarily depicted barefoot, and the hoplite warriors fought battles in bare feet and Alexander the Great conquered half of the ancient world with barefoot armies.

* A damaged cuneiform astronomical diary tablet from Babylon ( Babylonian Chronicle 8: the Alexander Chronicle, BM 36304 ) mentions that " ki-di-nu was killed by the sword " on day 15 of probably the 5th month of that year, which has been dated as 14 August 330 BC, less than a year after Alexander the Great conquered Babylon.

Alexander conquered Sogdiana and Iran.

Alexander the Great conquered Babylon in 332 BC for the Greeks, and died there in 323 BC.

After a brief membership in the Athenian Empire, it seceded and became independent ( its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause ), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by Maussollus of Caria, returned to the Persians, and went under Macedonian hegemony at the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great introduced the fruit into Europe after he conquered the Persians.

It was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BC.

He was a favorite of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied in his Persian campaigns, and wrote a third historical work on Alexander.

Kenneth Kitchen, Louis F. Hartman and Alexander Di Lella, for example, date the Aramaic portion more broadly within the Persian period ( i. e., before the 330s BC ), as based on Persian loanwords.

By the time Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the Macedonians of Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther ; the Septuagint version noticeably calls Haman a " bully " ( βουγαῖον ) where the Hebrew text describes him as an Agagite.

In his commentary on Daniel 8: 14 published in 1831, he stated that the 2, 300-year period should be calculated from 334 BC, the year Alexander the Great began his conquest of the Persian Empire.

Excepting a few ineffective attempts to revive scythed chariots, and continuing far eastern use, the use of chariots in battle was obsolete in civilized nations by the time of the Persian defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great, but chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph, or for racing.

Image: BattleofIssus333BC-mosaic-detail1. jpg | Alexander the Great using armoured cavalry, fighting Persian King Darius III

The Persian army of Xerxes I of Persia and later the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively.

Remnants of these languages lingered into Persian times ( 6th – 4th centuries BC ) and were finally extinguished by the spread of Hellenism which followed Alexander the Great's conquest of Asia Minor in the 4th century BC.

Under Alexander the Great, this force turned east, and in a series of three decisive battles, routed the Persian forces and took their empire, which included Egypt and the Phoenician lands.

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.

Theopompus moved back to Chios with the other exiles in 333 BC after Alexander had invaded Asia Minor and decreed their return, as well as the exile or trial of Persian supporters on the island.

The Macedonian phalanx is an infantry formation developed by Philip II and used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire and other armies.

Also Severus Alexander ( 3rd c. AD ) had an imitation of the Macedonian phalanx of 30, 000 " phalangarii " and with this he won many victories in the Persian wars.

Perhaps for no other reason than the association of name, the 9th century Persian astronomer Abu Ma ' shar assumed Ptolemy to be member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the ten kings of Egypt who followed Alexander were wise " and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest ".

At the end of the Persian era in 351 BCE, it was invaded by the emperor Artaxerxes III and then by Alexander the Great in 333 BCE when the Hellenistic era of Sidon began.

After his conquest of Persia, Alexander the Great introduced Persian etiquette into his own court, including the practice of proskynesis.

Overall, Hellenistic culture in the age that followed Alexander the Great itself showed syncretist features, essentially blending of Mesopotamian, Persian, Anatolian, Egyptian ( and eventually Etruscan – Roman ) elements within an Hellenic formula.

After the Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, Bactria, Sogdiana and Merv, being part of Persian Empire, had to defend themselves from new invaders.

Arguably the most important series of political events in this period were the conquests of Alexander, bringing about the collapse of the once formidable Persian Empire and spreading Greek culture far into the east.