The Macedonian phalanx of Aelian had many points of resemblance to the solid masses of pikemen and the squadrons of cavalry of the Spanish and Dutch systems, and the translations made in the 16th century formed the groundwork of numerous books on drill and tactics.

In addition to these heavy cavalry, the Macedonian army also employed lighter horsemen called prodromoi for scouting and screening, as well as the Macedonian pike phalanx and various kinds of light infantry.

Although clearly a development of the hoplite, the Macedonian phalanx was tactically more versatile, especially used in the combined arms tactics favoured by the Macedonians.

The Macedonian cavalry fought in wedge formation and was stationed on the far right ; after these broke through the enemy lines they were followed by the hypaspists, elite infantrymen who served as the king's bodyguard, and then the phalanx proper.

The Macedonian phalanx was not very different from the Hoplite phalanx of other Greeks states, save it was better trained, armed with the sarissa enabling it to outreach its competitors and stave off enemy cavalry, and wore far lighter armor enabling longer endurance and long fast forced marches, including the ability to sprint to close and overwhelm opposing positions and archers.

In Phillip's and Alexander's time, the Macedonian phalanx had clear technical superiority.

Emperor Caracalla ( 2nd-3rd c. AD ) had formed a Macedonian phalanx of 16, 000 men all born in Macedonia and commanded by officers bearing the names of Alexander's officers.

Also Severus Alexander ( 3rd c. AD ) had an imitation of the Macedonian phalanx of 30, 000 " phalangarii " and with this he won many victories in the Persian wars.

simple: Macedonian phalanx

However, pankration was more than just an event in the athletic competitions of the ancient Greek world ; it was also part of the arsenal of Greek soldiers – including the famous Spartan hoplites and Alexander the Great's Macedonian phalanx.

* 168 BC: Battle of Pydna — The Macedonian phalanx defeated by Romans.

* The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics.

A similar weapon, the sarissa, was also used by Alexander the Great's Macedonian phalanx infantry to great effect.

Macedonian phalanx

With the later Battle of Pydna, this defeat demonstrates the superiority of the Roman legion over the Macedonian phalanx.

The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3, 000-strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx.

Lighter peltasts, mercenaries and Thracian infantry guarded the two flanks of the phalanx, while the Macedonian cavalry was also most probably arrayed on both flanks.

The legions of Titus confronted and defeated Philip at the Aous, However the decisive encounter came at Cynoscephalae in Thessaly in June 197 BC, when the legions of Flamininus defeated Philip's Macedonian phalanx.

This defeat was largely due to the inflexibility of Macedonian phalanx tactics compared to the maniple-based tactics of the Roman legions.

he posted his 16, 000 strong phalanx, armed in the Macedonian fashion in the center in brigades ( taxeis ) of 1, 600 men, 50 men wide and 32 men deep.

The traditional hoplite infantry was no match for the novel long-speared Macedonian phalanx: the Theban army and its allies broke and fled, but the Sacred Band, although surrounded and overwhelmed, refused to surrender.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

Evidence is still wanting for the Macedonian and Thracian coasts.

It is a handbook of Greek, i. e. Macedonian, drill and tactics as practiced by the Hellenistic successors of Alexander the Great.

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

A Discourse of Sallets: " Sellery, apium Italicum, ( and of the Petroseline Family ) was formerly a stranger with us ( nor very long since in Italy ) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage ... and for its high and grateful Taste is ever plac'd in the middle of the Grand Sallet, at our Great Men's tables, and Praetors feasts, as the Grace of the whole Board ".

A Macedonian mosaic of the 4th century BC is one of the earliest examples of the Centauress in art.

Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view, and the view in the Republic of Macedonia which regards it as a language in its own right.

The Macedonian currency denar is also derived from the Roman denarius.

It is said that he died in Macedonia after being attacked by the Molossian hounds of King Archelaus and that his cenotaph near Piraeus was struck by lightningsigns of his unique powers, whether for good or ill ( according to one modern scholar, his death might have been caused instead by the harsh Macedonian winter ).

It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor ( 2 Cor.

In Macedonian the month is " сечко ", meaning month of cutting.

The ancient languages probably most closely related to it, ancient Macedonian ( which some linguistic scholars suggest is a dialect of Greek itself ) and Phrygian, are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison.

The Cyrillic script analogue is marked as ⟨ г ⟩ ( e. g. in Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, etc.

The name Glagolitic in Belarusian is глаголіца ( hłaholica ), Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian глаголица ( glagolica ), Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian glagoljica / глагољица, Czech hlaholice, Polish głagolica, Slovene, Slovak hlaholika, and Ukrainian глаголиця ( hlaholyća ).

It is believed that the original letters have been fitted to the original Macedonian Slavic.

Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived to what is now Afghanistan in 330 BC after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela.

A corresponding term is sometimes used in Slavic languages, in Serbian is otadžbina or отаџбина in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, Bosnian Otadžbina ( Отаџбина ), Macedonian татковина ( tatkovina ), Bulgarian татковина ( tatkovina ) as well as otechestvo, Czech otčina ( although the normal Czech term for " homeland " is vlast ), in Polish ojczyzna ( besides macierz " motherland "), Russian otechestvo ( отечество ) or otchizna ( отчизна ) ( although rodina " motherland " is more common ).

* 2008 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all charges by a United Nations Tribunal accusing him of war crimes.

Macedonian (, makedonski jazik, ) is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2 – 3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora.

This combination of cavalry and infantry helped to break enemy lines and were used effectively to dominate the opponents of the Macedonian Kingdom.

These tactics inspired the future king Philip II of Macedon, at the time a hostage in Thebes, in the development of new kind of infantry – the Macedonian Phalanx.

Ancient depiction of Macedonian infantry.

Seleucus was an officer of Alexander the Great, commander of the élite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the " Shield-bearers " ( Hypaspistai ), later known as the " Silvershields ".

* The Athenians and their Greek allies ' siege of the Macedonian ruler, Antipater, in Lamia is relieved by Leonnatus with an army of 20, 000 infantry and 1, 500 cavalry.

By the time of the Indian campaigns beginning in late in 327 BC, he had risen to the command of the élite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the " Shield-bearers " ( Hypaspistai ), later known as the " Silvershields ".

The Western Army ( Macedonian and Vardar Army ) was composed of ten corps with 32 infantry and two cavalry divisions.

The battle started with a cavalry and light infantry attack from the Macedonian left, so the Persians heavily reinforced that side.

The Macedonian cavalry opened a hole in the Persian line, and the Macedonian infantry charged through to engage the poor quality Persian infantry in the rear.

The author's initial war service was with the infantry – fighting at Gallipoli and on the Macedonian front.

It was difficult to get horses to charge into the tight phalanx formation of the Greek / Macedonian hoplites ( infantry ).

Diodorus claims that Demetrius's had approximately 56, 000 infantry in Greece ( 8, 000 Macedonian phalangites, 15, 000 mercenaries, 25, 000 troops from Greek cities and 8, 000 light troops ), but it is unclear what proportion of this infantry accompanied him to Asia.

Both sides probably deployed their troops in a standard Macedonian formation, with the phalanx of heavy infantry in the centre of the battle line.

Peltasts, light javelin infantry, played a vital role in the Peloponnesian War and well equipped skirmisher troops such as Thureophoroi and Thorakites would be developed to provide a strong mobile force for the Greek and Macedonian armies.

According to Diodorus, the Macedonian army numbered roughly 30, 000 infantry and 2, 000 cavalry, a figure generally accepted by modern historians.