It was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία ( Achilleía ) attested in Attica in the 4th century BC ( IG II² 1617 ) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an " Amazon ".

About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered.

Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani

The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BCE Achaemenid administration of Bactria and Sogdiana.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

** Zhuangzi ( 4th century BC )

: Metrodorus of Chios ( 4th century BC )

" Arianism " is also often used to refer to other nontrinitarian theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded Jesus Christ — the Son of God, the Logos — as either a created being ( as in Arianism proper and Anomoeanism ), or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created ( as in Semi-Arianism ).

Controversy over Arianism arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century.

But, by the end of the 4th century Trinitarianism prevailed in the Roman Empire.

The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene factions struggling for control of the Church.

The real founder of cenobitic ( koinos, common, and bios, life ) monasteries in the modern sense was Pachomius, an Egyptian of the beginning of the 4th century.

Palladius, who visited the Egyptian monasteries about the close of the 4th century, found among the 300 members of the coenobium of Panopolis, under the Pachomian rule, 15 tailors, 7 smiths, 4 carpenters, 12 cameldrivers and 15 tanners.

Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose ( c. 330 – 4 April 397 ), was an archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

In the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Catholics and Arians.

In the 4th century BC it continued its traditional policy, but in 338 was besieged by Philip II of Macedon.

Amber is discussed by Theophrastus, possibly the first historical mention of the material, in the 4th century BC.

Alcidamas, of Elaea, in Aeolis, Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the 4th century BC.

The Theban army under Pelopidas is said to have been dismayed by an eclipse ( on July 13, 364, see 4th century BC eclipses ), and Pelopidas, leaving the bulk of his army behind, entered Thessaly at the head of three hundred volunteer horsemen and some mercenaries.

Their non-Greek language is confirmed on the site by inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary which alone in the Aegean world survived the Bronze Age collapse and continued to be used down to the 4th century BC.

* Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus ( Saint Andronicus ), a 4th century martyr

A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC in later centuries on the rest of the then known European continent.

* Epicrates of Ambracia, c. 4th BC comic poet

The stone was given its name by Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates () sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.

During the 4th century BC, there may well have been some 250, 000 – 300, 000 people in Attica.

Citizenship could be granted by the assembly and was sometimes given to large groups ( Plateans in 427 BC, Samians in 405 BC ) but, by the 4th century, only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000.

Competence does not seem to have been the main issue, but rather, at least in the 4th century BC, whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies.

On the other hand the empire was, more or less, defunct in the 4th century BC so it cannot be said that democracy was not viable without it.

The archaic xoanon of the goddess and a statue made by Praxiteles in the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary.

The 4th century historian Ammianus Marcellinus, relying on a lost work by Timagenes, a historian writing in the 1st century BC, writes that the Druids of Gaul said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands.

The image to the right was discovered in Sudan, which is the contemporary name for the territory of Nubia during the period in which the artifact was made, during the 4th century BC.

Image: Aegis of Isis-Sudan 300s bc-British Museum-83d40m. JPG | Aegis on an image of Isis from the Nubian culture of the 4th century BC found in contemporary Sudan-British Museum

The town seems to have declined in importance after the middle of the 4th century BC.

In the 4th century BC Plato knew oreichalkos as rare and nearly as valuable as gold and Pliny describes how aurichalcum had come from Cypriot ore deposits which had been exhausted by the 1st century AD.

In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great commissioned Dinocrates of Rhodes to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.

* David George Ian Alexander Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair ( 1908 – 1974 )

Remnants of these languages lingered into Persian times ( 6th – 4th centuries BC ) and were finally extinguished by the spread of Hellenism which followed Alexander the Great's conquest of Asia Minor in the 4th century BC.

Alexander the Great conquered this empire in the 4th century BC.

Alexander, between 23 and 30 March 1918, had to assume command of the 4th Guards Brigade, during the British retreat.

Alexander was then in February 1928 promoted to colonel ( backdated to 14 May 1926 ) and was the next month appointed Officer Commanding the Irish Guards Regimental District and 140th ( 4th London ) Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army a post he held until January 1930, when he again returned to study, attending the Imperial Defence College for one year.

* Medius ( 4th century BC ), friend of Alexander the Great

* Rupert Davies as Colonel Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon

This century saw the beginning of a period of philosophical brilliance among Western civilizations, particularly the Greeks which would continue all the way through the 4th century until the time of Alexander the Great.

Over the 4th century Macedon became more politically involved with the south-central city-states of Ancient Greece, but it also retained more archaic features like the palace-culture, first at Aegae ( modern Vergina ) then at Pella, resembling Mycenaean culture more than classic Hellenic city-states, and other archaic customs, like Philip's multiple wives in addition to his Epirote queen Olympias, mother of Alexander.

The last ancient source to mention the Chatti, if only in a quotation of Sulpicius Alexander describing events of the late 4th century, was Gregory of Tours.

There are several recordings of the major works for the solo piano ( including complete recordings of the piano sonatas and the shorter piano pieces, by Garrick Ohlsson, Alexander Paley and others ), and there are recordings of the individual sonatas by Claudio Arrau ( 1st Sonata ), Alfred Brendel ( 2nd Sonata ), Sviatoslav Richter ( 3rd Sonata ) and Leon Fleisher ( 4th Sonata ).

Complete assimilation to Greek occurred in the 4th century, after Lycia had come under Alexander the Great and his fellow Macedonians.

In the west, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by the works of Plato and Aristotle, was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon in the 4th century BC.

In the Græco – Roman world of 5th-century European Classical antiquity, the city-state of Sparta was the hegemon of the Peloponnesian League ( 6th – 4th centuries BC ) and King Philip II of Macedon was the hegemon of the League of Corinth in 337 BC ( a kingship he willed to his son, Alexander the Great ).

The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree.

For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.

* Alexander the Great, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made.

According to legend preserved in the Book of Arda Viraf, a 3rd or 4th century work, a written version of the religious texts had existed in the palace library of the Achaemenid kings ( 559 – 330 BC ), but which was then supposedly ( Arda Viraf 1. 4-7 and Denkard 3. 420 ) lost in a fire caused by the troops of Alexander.

Quintus Curtius Rufus ( active 1st century AD ) referred to the writings of Cleitarchus, a 4th century BC historian of Alexander the Great, when writing his own History of Alexander the Great:

* Bagoas ( 4th century BCE ): a favorite of Alexander the Great.