Algeria had also won an Oscar for the movie Z, a political thriller directed by Costa Gavras.

The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

He had ten successful years on the Continental circuit but a prolonged illness due to an infection contracted while racing in Algeria ended his riding career.

By 1962 the morale of the Foreign Legion was at an all-time low ; it had lost its traditional and spiritual home ( Algeria ), elite units had been disbanded, and in addition, many officers and men were arrested or deserted to escape prosecution.

The return to Mali of large numbers of Tuareg who had migrated to Algeria and Libya during the prolonged drought increased tensions in the region between the nomadic Tuareg and the sedentary population.

Under protest from the PLO, Iraq, and Libya, who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity, the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly, and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request.

Once the rebel forces had besieged Damascus, the French military responded with brutal counter-insurgency techniques that prefigured those that would be used later in Algeria and Indo-China.

Previously in 2001, Baker had presented his framework plan, called Baker I, where the dispute would be finally solved through an autonomy within Moroccan sovereignty, but Algeria and the Polisario front refused it.

Algeria had proposed the partition of the territory instead.

He had reportedly fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain en route to return to Algeria.

To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties.

Activist groups had long expressed concern over the memberships of the People's Republic of China, Zimbabwe, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, and the past memberships of Algeria, Syria, Libya, Uganda and Vietnam on the Commission.

The Jews of modern France are numbering around 400, 000 persons, largely descendants of North African communities, some of which were Sephardic communities, which had come from Spain and Portugal-others were Arab and Berber Jews from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, who were already living in North Africa before the Jewish exodus from the Iberian Peninsula-and to a smaller degree members of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, who survived the WWII and the Holocaust.

First, explicitly praising Africa would have been offensive to the many immigrants who fled Algeria and other North African countries because of the economic adversity they faced there, and many rappers probably had parents who had done so.

Algeria has had longstanding border disagreements with Morocco, which, although now basically resolved, continue to linger as a factor in the consistently troubled but generally non-violent relations between the two neighbouring nations.

By the late 1950s, in Algeria, the FLN had launched its War of Independence.

It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organized by General de Gaulle.

It was the most wanton carnage that Algeria had witnessed in eight years of savage warfare.

The reason given for the war was that the viceroy of Algeria, angry about French failure to pay its debts stemming from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, had struck the French ambassador with the handle of his fly swat.

Morocco's claims had official support from the Arab League, except for Algeria, which reinstated its recognition of Spanish sovereignty over the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.

Algeria has always been a source of inspiration for different painters who tried to immortalize the prodigious diversity of the sites it offers and the profusion of the facets that passes its population, which offers for Orientalists between the 19 < sup > th </ sup > century and the 20 < sup > th </ sup > century, a striking inspiration for a very rich artistic creation like Eugène Delacroix with his famous painting women of Algiers in their apartment or Etienne Dinet or other painters of world fame like Pablo Picasso with his painting women of Algiers, or painters issued from the Algiers school.

Population and housing censuses have been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998, and 2008.

The NTC has been in negotiations with Algeria and Niger, neighboring countries to which members of the government and defecting military commanders have fled, attempting to secure the arrest and extradition of Al-Saadi Gaddafi and others.

Algeria – Libya relations have generally been amicable.

Morocco has been aligned with the United States during the Cold War, whereas Algeria kept a distance from the West, favouring the Soviet Union and later a non-aligned position.

The first has been since identified as the Wadi Ghir on the north western edge of the Tuat, along the borders of modern Morocco and Algeria.

Raï (), which is the Arabic word for " opinion ", is a form of folk music, originated in Oran, Algeria from Bedouin shepherds, mixed with Spanish, French, African and Arabic musical forms, which dates back to the 1930s and has been primarily evolved by women in the culture.

Raï has been forbidden music in Algeria, to the point of one popular singer being assassinated, although since the 1980s it has enjoyed some considerable success.

Despite Spanish having been used by the Sahrawi people for over a century due to Western Sahara's history as a former Spanish colony, the Cervantes Institute has denied support and Spanish-language education to Sahrawis in Western Sahara and the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria.

* Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 – present ) – Algeria has been the subject of an Islamic insurgency since 2002 waged by the Sunni Islamic Jihadist militant group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ).

Algeria is rich in prehistoric memorials of human occupation, especially in megalithic remains, of which nearly every known kind has been found in the country.

The " ten deadliest countries " for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq ( 230 deaths ), Philippines ( 109 ), Russia ( 77 ), Colombia ( 76 ), Mexico ( 69 ), Algeria ( 61 ), Pakistan ( 59 ), India ( 49 ), Somalia ( 45 ) and Brazil ( 31 ).

Tram projects have been launched in both Constantine and Oran, and over $ 6 billion has been earmarked for tram projects in 12 provinces throughout Algeria.

Since independence in the 1960s, no foreign bases are known to have been allowed in Algeria, although in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly, large numbers of Soviet military advisers were stationed in the country.

Algeria – Libya relations have generally been amicable.

Algeria – Morocco relations have been dominated by the issue of self-determination for the Western Sahara since their independence.

Other partners being considered are Libya, Russian and Algeria – full details of the negotiations have not yet been released to the public domain.

Polisario immediately declared a cease-fire, and peace negotiations began under the sponsorship of Polisario's main backer, Algeria.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary ( modern Slovakia ) and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south ; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east ; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa.

Certain areas of the Empire, such as Egypt and Algeria, became independent in all but name, and later came under the influence of Britain and France.

In 1989, Syria endorsed the Charter of National Reconciliation, or " Taif Accord ", a comprehensive plan for ending the Lebanese conflict negotiated under the auspices of Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Morocco.

The population under Polisario control and in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, participates in elections to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

* March 26 – Oued Bouaicha massacre in Algeria: 52 people are killed with axes and knives, 32 of them babies under the age of 2.

* The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria.

Contending that the Sahrawis have a right to self-determination under the UN Charter, Algeria has provided the Polisario with material, financial, and political support and sanctuary in southwestern Algeria's Tindouf Province.

Aerial operations were split into two, east of Cape Tenez in Algeria, with British aircraft under Air Marshal Sir William Welsh and west of Cape Tenez, all American aircraft under Major General Jimmy Doolittle, under the direct command of Major General Patton.

The publicity given to the brutal methods used by the army to win the Battle of Algiers, including the use of torture, a strong movement control and curfew called quadrillage and where all authority was under the military, created doubt in France about its role in Algeria.

* 1881-Methodist work in Lahore, Pakistan starts in the wake of revivals under Bishop William Taylor ; North Africa Mission ( now Arab World Ministries ) founded on work of Edward Glenny in Algeria

It had its roots in the social pressures among the long-established Christian community of Roman North Africa ( present-day Tunisia and Algeria ), during the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian.

His name was found in his tomb of Cirta, modernday Constantine in Algeria under the form of MSNSN ( which have to be read as Mas ' n ' sen which means " Their Lord ").

* Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, W. W. Norton, 1979.

He served as a captain in Algeria under Marshal Bugeaud, who, in recognition of his gallantry in the battles of Sidi Yussuf and Isly, made him his aide-de-camp and entrusted him with important commissions.

Another town located in Algeria, was called Saint Arnaud under French rule, currently, its name is El Eulma.

Following Timothy Leary's Weather Underground assisted prison escape, Leary stayed with Cleaver in Algeria ; however, Cleaver placed Leary under " revolutionary arrest " as a counter-revolutionary for promoting drug use.

The Comte de Morny, as he was called by a polite fiction, served in Algeria in 1834 – 1835 as aide-de-camp to General Camille Alphonse Trezel, whose life he saved under the walls of Constantine.

French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union.

On June 30, 1967, a Hawker Siddley jet aircraft he was traveling in was hijacked to Algeria, where he was first jailed and then kept under house arrest until his death in June 1969, which is officially recorded as " death from heart failure ".

Later he traveled to West Africa and studied in Mauritania, Medina, Algeria, and Morocco under such scholars as Murabit al Haaj ; Baya bin Salik, head of the Islamic court in Al -' Ain, United Arab Emirates ; Muhammad Shaybani, Mufti of Abu Dhabi ; Hamad al-Wali ; and Muhammad al-Fatrati of Al Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt.

Dey ( Arabic: داي, from Turkish Dayı ) was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers ( Algeria ) and Tripoli under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards.