* Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around 80 AD.

Although they are often considered to be weeds in gardens, this viewpoint is not always necessary, as most of them die when the soil temperature warms up again in early to late spring when other plants are still dormant and have not yet leafed out.

Although americium was likely produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in late autumn 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley by Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso.

Although he himself was a blues purist, Korner criticised better-known British blues musicians during the blues boom of the late 1960s for their blind adherence to Chicago blues, as if the music came in no other form.

Although Nelson had previously been castigated in the press for failing to intercept the French fleet, rumours of the battle had begun to arrive in Britain from the continent in late September and the news Capel brought was greeted with celebrations right across the country.

Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroon's doorstep in the 16th century, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available.

Although perestroika was considered bold in the context of Soviet history, Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform were not radical enough to restart the country's chronically sluggish economy in the late 1980s.

" Although several twigs of dill were found in the tomb of Amenhotep II, they reported the earliest archeological evidence for its cultivation comes from late Neolithic lakeshore settlements in Switzerland.

Although ion engines had been developed at NASA since the late 1950s, with the exception of the SERT missions in the 1960s, the technology had not been demonstrated in flight.

Although Bellamy claimed he did not write Looking Backward as a blueprint for political action, but rather sought to write " a literary fantasy, a fairy tale of social felicity ," the book inspired legions of inspired readers to establish so-called Nationalist Clubs, beginning in Boston late in 1888.

Although the Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 with the adoption of Mosaic web browser, it took about five years to introduce security protocols ( i. e. SSL encryption enabled on Netscape 1. 0 Browser in late 1994 ) and DSL allowing continual connection to the Internet.

Although in later life he prided himself on always publishing his work under his own name, in the late nineteenth century he appears to have used pseudonyms such as and in some of his published writings.

Although his daughter, Elizabeth, was born at the beginning of July, for unexplained reasons Oxford did not learn of her birth until late September.

Although he is known today for his performances in Singin ' in the Rain and An American in Paris, he was a dominant force in Hollywood musical films from the mid 1940s until this art form fell out of fashion in the late 1950s.

Although they are thought to have been used in Europe much earlier, gambesons underwent a revolution from their first proven use in the late 11th and early 12th centuries as an item of armour that simply facilitated the wearing of mail to an item of independent armour popular amongst infantry.

Although writing had begun in the late 1970s, Chapman was finally able to secure funding for his much cherished pirate project Yellowbeard in 1982.

Although there still were battles such as Maloyaroslavets the Napoleonic army left Russia in late 1812 annihilated, most of all by the Russian winter, exhaustion, and scorched earth warfare.

Although the Neijing has long been attributed to the mythical Yellow Emperor ( twenty-7th century BC ), Chinese scholars started doubting this attribution as early as the 11th century and now usually date the Neijing to the late Warring States period ( 5th century-221 BC ).

Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property rights have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world.

Although the koala is not a bear, English-speaking settlers from the late 18th century first called it koala bear due to its similarity in appearance to bears.

Although his nationalization of the copper mining industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems, matters were aggravated by his logistical support for the black nationalist movements in Ian Smith's Rhodesian Republic, South West Africa, Angola, and Mozambique.

Although some believe that the word ' louvre ' may refer to the structure's status as the largest in late 12th century Paris ( from the French L ' Œuvre, masterpiece ) – or to its location in a forest ( from the French rouvre, oak ) – one finds in the authoritative Larousse that it derives from an association with wolf hunting den ( via Latin: lupus, lower Empire: lupara ).

Although some books ( in particular guidebooks ) suggest that the mazes on cathedral floors served as substitutes for pilgrimage paths, the earliest attested use of the phrase " chemin de Jerusalem " ( path to Jerusalem ) dates to the late 18th century when it was used to describe mazes at Reims and Saint-Omer.

Although lutes were in widespread use in Europe at least since the 13th century, and documents mention numerous early performers and composers, the earliest surviving music for the instrument dates from the late 15th century.

Although the very subject matter caused it to be considered scandalous at the time, its brief revival three decades later, in the open and radicalized culture of the late 1960s, when the author was approaching his 70th birthday, found the once-ahead-of-its-time work judged as a tame and dated period piece below Achard's usual literary standard.

Although forms of brass have been in use since prehistory, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post medieval period because the zinc vapor which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.

Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities.

Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum ( fief ), then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period.

Although high level of stylization, mystical appeal, and surreal elegance were often preferred over realism ( such as in shan shui style ), beginning with the medieval Song Dynasty there were many Chinese painters then and afterwards who depicted scenes of nature that were vividly real.

Although Arthur himself played a minor role in some of these works, following in the medieval romance tradition, Tennyson's Arthurian work reached its peak of popularity with Idylls of the King, which reworked the entire narrative of Arthur's life for the Victorian era.

Although the " Arthur of romance " was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works ( as he was in Burne-Jones's The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon, 1881 – 1898 ), on other occasions he reverted back to his medieval status and is either marginalised or even missing entirely, with Wagner's Arthurian operas providing a notable instance of the latter.

Although now extensively damaged, these share the same style as the great hall ; this would have unified the appearance of Gaunt's palace in a distinct break from the more eclectic medieval tradition of design.

Although some of the miniatures are framed by simple rectangles with corners embellished by the golden castles and lions of Castile and León, other are framed by medieval Spanish architectural motifs, including Gothic and Mudéjar arcades of columns and arches.

Although the political structure in western Europe had changed, the divide is not as extensive as some historians have claimed., they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities ".

Although the increased use of bank notes and the use of credit during this period did decrease the dependence and value of precious metals, these forms of currency still remained vital to the story of medieval mining.

Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm.

Although it was from him that the medieval Norwegian dynasty descended, his historical importance has been obscured by the treatment of Harald Fairhair and St Olaf ( Olaf Haraldsson ) in medieval writings.

Although there are problems with writing a satisfactory biography of many medieval people, the problems with Wallace are greater than usual.

Although paper had been known as a wrapping and padding material in China since the 2nd century BC, the first documented use of toilet paper in human history dates back to the 6th century AD, in early medieval China.

Although it was built as a family home its design was that of a medieval castle.

Although the Falles is a very traditional event and many participants dress in medieval clothing, the ninots for 2005 included such modern characters as Shrek and George W. Bush, and the 2012 Falles included characters like Barack Obama and Lady Gaga.

Although the wolf was a feared creature in medieval times, it was also respected.

" Although there is no special reason to doubt the accuracy of this information, it should always be borne in mind that the sagas embody the literary preoccupations of writers and audiences in medieval Iceland, and they cannot always be treated as reliable sources for the history of Norse Greenland.

Although even in Modern Orthodox circles there are some Rabbis ( e. g. Professor Marc Shapiro ) that point out the numerous rabbinic sources from the Talmudic, Post-Talmudic, and medieval ages that claim that there were some changes to the text, which include whole verses, that were made deliberately during the Mishnaic era, and even during the times of the first temple.

The various Eucharistic liturgies used by national churches of the Anglican Communion have continuously evolved from the 1549 and 1552 editions of the Book of Common Prayer which both owed their form and contents chiefly to the work of Thomas Cranmer, who had rejected the medieval theology of the Mass in about 1547 Although the 1549 rite retained the traditional sequence of the mass, its underlying theology was Protestant.

Although it was presented to the world in 1965 with an accompanying scholarly book written by British Museum and Yale University librarians, historians of geography and medieval document specialists began to suspect that it might be a fake as soon as photographs of it became available, and chemical analyses have identified one of the major ink ingredients as a 20th-century artificial pigment.

Although estimates vary ( depending on how one counts compound or grouped windows ) approximately 152 of the original 176 stained glass windows survive – far more than any other medieval cathedral anywhere in the world.

Although medieval plays such as the Ludus Danielis, and Renaissance dialogue motets such as those of the Oltremontani had characteristics of an oratorio, the first oratorio is usually seen as Emilio de Cavalieri's Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo.