Although there were low levels of preexisting antibiotic-resistant bacteria before the widespread use of antibiotics, evolutionary pressure from their use has played a role in the development of muiltidrug resistance varieties and the spread of resistance between bacterial species.

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance ( e. g. drag ) were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

Although this principle was held by all emperors after Constantine, it met with increasing resistance and ultimately rejection by bishops in the west after the effective end of Imperial power in there.

"</ ref > Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions ( such as combustion ), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance.

Although the existence of molecules has been accepted by many chemists since the early 19th century as a result of Dalton's laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions ( 1803 – 1808 ) and Avogadro's law ( 1811 ), there was some resistance among positivists and physicists such as Mach, Boltzmann, Maxwell, and Gibbs, who saw molecules merely as convenient mathematical constructs.

Although ultimately defeated the strength of resistance convinced the British to make concessions to the indigenous inhabitants allowing them to preserve inheritance, property and marriage rights and customs throughout most of the period of the British rule.

Although muscovite has a greater resistance to wear, it causes uneven ridges that may interfere with the operation of a motor or generator.

Although the concept of conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are always specified in terms of their resistance ( ohms ) rather than conductance.

Although small disorganised cells of Central Leadership of Home Resistance ( Ústřední vedení odboje domácího, ÚVOD ) survived, only the communist resistance was able to function in a coordinated manner ( although it also suffered arrests ).

Although Germany refused to officially surrender the islands, no resistance was offered and the occupation took place without any fighting.

Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.

However, the heterozygous advantage hypothesis was proposed in one review in which the author himself writes, " Although cellular / molecular evidence presently is not available for this hypothesis, the CF mutation may be one of several mutations that have spread in European populations because they increased resistance to infectious diseases.

Although she endured hard labour and malnutrition, she managed to help save the life of Belgian resistance courier Hortense Clews.

Although resistance groups did form in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943.

Although the extent-based nature of XFS and the delayed allocation strategy it uses significantly improves the file system's resistance to fragmentation problems, XFS provides a filesystem defragmentation utility (, short for XFS filesystem reorganizer ) that can defragment the files on a mounted and active XFS filesystem.

Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small guerrilla bands in the countryside.

Although promised land at Fort Sill, they met resistance from local non-Apache.

Although there was further English resistance, this battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England, becoming its first Norman ruler as King William I.

Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during the rule of Benito Mussolini, they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded by Nazi Germany, which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining the Italian resistance movement.

Although most incarcerees quietly accepted their fate during World War II, there was some resistance in the camps.

Although he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother ( another Mary Stuart ), William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles's kingdoms, and would draw England's monarch away from his pro-French policies.

Although the surface area of the parachute design appears to be too small to offer effective resistance to the friction of the air and the wooden base-frame is superfluous and potentially harming, the revolutionary character of the new concept is obvious.

Although initially successful in this venture, " it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers, and the Portuguese ships began to meet strong and effective resistance ", with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors, whose boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems.

Although Europeans were the market for slaves, Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance.

Although the terms are used interchangeably, ball gowns and evening gowns differ in that a ball gown will always have a full, flared skirt and a strapless bodice ; in contrast, an evening gown can be any silhouette — sheath, mermaid, A-line or trumpet shaped — and may have straps, halters or even sleeves.

Although the matter was investigated at the time, it flared up more than a year later, when Wright was accused of ordering Clynch to be shot although he knew he was already in custody.

Although the tape was run for over 1 hr., a steady state was not reached, and it was concluded that the reason for this was that the back pressure of the manometer was built up from the material fed from between the blocks and this was available at a very slow rate.

Although they are often considered to be weeds in gardens, this viewpoint is not always necessary, as most of them die when the soil temperature warms up again in early to late spring when other plants are still dormant and have not yet leafed out.

Although much of the church hierarchy in the East had opposed the Nicene creed in the decades leading up to Theodosius ' accession, he managed to achieve unity on the basis of the Nicene creed.

Although the Atanasoff – Berry Computer was an important step up from earlier calculating machines, it was not able to run entirely automatically through an entire problem.

Although Ealdred gave up the bishopric, the appointment of Wulfstan was one that allowed Ealdred to continue his considerable influence on the see of Worcester.

Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Michael Vick, they ended up with a dismal 5 – 11 record that year.

Although the hard-part bearing organisms make up as little as 14 % of the community, these same organisms are found in similar proportions in other Cambrian localities.

Although Beavis and Butt-Head greatly admire him and aspire to join his " gang ," Todd despises the two and frequently beats them up and takes advantage of them when he needs something, such as money, food or a place to hide from other gangs or the police.

Although trade unions in Benin represent up to 75 % of the formal workforce, the large informal economy has been noted by the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITCU ) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of child labour, and the continuing issue of forced labour.

Although he would go on to have back-to-back 17-win seasons for the Chicago Cubs in 1971 and 1972, including a no-hitter in the latter season, this did not help the Reds, who ended up losing the 1970 World Series to Robinson and the Orioles.

Although he was aware that the Bastarnae were hardly likely to achieve the same success as Hannibal some 40 years earlier, and would most likely end up cut to pieces by the Romans, Philip hoped that the Romans would be distracted long enough to allow him to reoccupy his former possessions in Greece.

Although there are many ethical tenets in Buddhism that differ depending on whether one is a monk or a layman, and depending on individual schools, the Buddhist system of ethics can be summed up in the eightfold path:

Although hundreds of men dived into the sea to escape the flames, fewer than 100 survived the blast: approximately 70 survivors were picked up by British boats, including the wounded staff officer Léonard-Bernard Motard.

Although Captain Du Petit Thouars had lost both legs and an arm he remained in command, insisting on having the tricolour nailed to the mast to prevent it from being struck and giving orders from his position propped up on deck in a bucket of wheat.

Although its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported up to one million people.

Although polls just a week before the election gave Arias a comfortable lead of at least 12 % ( and up to 20 %), preliminary election results gave him only a. 4 % lead over rival Ottón Solís and prompted a manual recount of all ballots.

Although the " self-important rhetoric and whines of persecution " on the part of cyberpunk fans were irritating at worst and humorous at best, Brin declares that the " rebels did shake things up.

Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the Qi state.

Although he wanted the opportunity to put his principles in practice, Confucius gave up on this idea in the end.

Although results did improve, Pardew was unable to keep Charlton up and relegation was confirmed in the penultimate match of the season.

Although never formally endorsed by CND nationally, INDEC candidates were generally put up by local CND groups as a means of raising the profile of this issue in public politics.

Although he was " awed " by Carl's " brilliance, his boyish chatter about stars and dinosaurs ", he took his son's inquisitiveness in stride, as part of his growing up.

Although extremely intelligent, Ed is still a child, and looks up to the crew of the Bebop as members of her family.

Although Cesare Borgia's father gave him the power to set up, Cesare ruled the Romagna with skill and tact for the most part.

Although most of the instruments built before the 1730s were small ( four octaves, four feet long ), the latest instruments were built up to seven feet long with a six octave range.