Egypt's capital was permanently moved to Cairo, which was eventually expanded to include the ruins of Fustat and the previous capitals of al-Askar and al-Qatta ' i. While the Fustat fire successfully protected the city of Cairo, a continuing power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and Zengid general Shirkuh led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment.

In 1163 the chaotic situation in Egypt led to a refusal to pay tribute to Jerusalem, and requests were sent to Nur ad-Din for assistance ; in response, Amalric invaded, but was turned back when the Egyptians flooded the Nile at Bilbeis.

Amalric cemented his alliance with Manuel by marrying Manuel's niece Maria Komnene in 1167, and an embassy led by William of Tyre was sent to Constantinople to negotiate a military expedition, but in 1168 Amalric pillaged Bilbeis without waiting for the naval support promised by Manuel.

Acre was defended by Henry II's brother Amalric of Tyre, the Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights, the Venetians and Pisans, the French garrison led by Jean I de Grailly, and the English garrison led by Otton de Grandson, but they were vastly outnumbered.

That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham ; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III.

Thoros revenged his death with a massacre of Greeks within his territories, which would have led to war had not Amalric I of Jerusalem intervened to bring about a peace.

A confusing passage in William of Tyre led some writers to claim that his father had it annulled on grounds of consanguinity, but this is thought unlikely by modern historians: Reginald's father was dead by this time, and the passage in question is probably referring back to her marriage to Amalric ( see Hamilton, The Leper King & his Heirs ).

In 1300, the Lusignans, led by Amalric, Prince of Tyre entered into combined military operations with the Mongols under Ghazan to retake the Holy Land:

The only noteworthy reinforcement came from king Henry II of Cyprus who fortified the walls and sent forces led by his brother Amalric to defend the city.

Amalric was at the Fall of Tripoli in 1289, in which he led a company of knights and four galleys from Cyprus.

These three propositions were further developed by his followers, who maintained that God revealed Himself in a threefold revelation, the first in the Biblical patriarch Abraham, marking the epoch of the Father ; the second in Jesus Christ, who began the epoch of the Son ; and the third in Amalric and his disciples, who inaugurated the era of the Holy Ghost.

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem ( 1161 – 16 March 1185 ), called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay, was king of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185.

Raymond III of Tripoli, first cousin of their father Amalric I of Jerusalem, had been bailli or regent for Baldwin IV while the latter was a child, but once the king came of age in 1176 his power began to recede.

Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey of Anjou by his first wife, and Baldwin III and Amalric I by Melisende.

Raymond was a first cousin of Amalric.

Baldwin IV himself arranged the marriage to Guy, whose brother Amalric, well-regarded and able, had first come to court as Baldwin of Ibelin's son-in-law and was now constable of Jerusalem.

Isabella died shortly thereafter and Marie became queen of Jerusalem, at the age of thirteen, while her stepbrother Hugh, from the first marriage of Amalric, became King of Cyprus and married Maria's half-sister, Alice of Champagne.

His sister, Agnes of Courtenay, had been the first wife of King Amalric I before he succeeded to the throne, and was the mother of Baldwin IV and Sibylla.

After the death of his first wife, he married again at Tripoli in January 1218 Melisende de Lusignan ( c. 1200 – after 1249 ), Princess of Cyprus, daughter of Amalric II of Jerusalem and his second wife Isabella of Jerusalem.

* Queen Maria Comnena, received the lordship as her dower ( morganaticum ) from her first husband King Amalric I

Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey of Anjou by his first wife, and Baldwin III and Amalric I by Melisende.

The city played a role in the machinations for control of the Fatimid vizierate: first in 1164, when Shirkuh was besieged in the city by the combined forces of Shiwar and Amalric I of Jerusalem for three months ; then again in 1168 when the city was assaulted again by Amalric's army, who took the city after three days on November 4 and indiscriminately killed the inhabitants.

Isabella's paternal grandparents were Amalric II of Jerusalem and his first wife Éschive d ' Ibelin.

Raymond then married for a third time, to Bourgogne, daughter of King Amalric II of Jerusalem and his first wife Eschiva of Ibelin, daughter of Baldwin of Ibelin.

Although both Philip and John were closely related to Henry I, as his uncles, they were still opposed on Cyprus by supporters of the Lusignan family, of which Henry was also a member ; another of his uncles, Guy of Lusignan, and father Amalric, were the first two kings of Cyprus.

A few years later in 1166, Theodora's kinsman Andronikos, a first cousin of her father, visited the kingdom and was named lord of Beirut by Baldwin's brother and successor Amalric I. Andronikos invited Theodora to Beirut, and the two eloped to Damascus, or as William says, Andronikos abducted her in collusion with Nūr al-Dīn.

In 1153, Fulk's first son King Baldwin III conquered Ascalon, and it was added to the territory of his brother Amalric.

1 and 4 ), the first two parts of the novel The Merman's Children by Poul Anderson ( also in 1 and 4 ), two " Amalric the Mangod " stories by Lin Carter ( in 1 and 3 ), a " Pusad " tale and the first part of the novel The Incorporated Knight by L. Sprague de Camp ( in 2 and 3, respectively ), two " Elric of Melniboné " stories by Michael Moorcock ( in 2 and 4 ), two " Witch World " stories by Andre Norton ( in 2 and 3 ), two " Brak the Barbarian " stories by John Jakes ( in 2 and 4 ), one story by Avram Davidson ( in vol.

Amalric made him seneschal of Jerusalem, and in 1167 he participated in Amalric's expedition to Egypt.

Bertrand accompanied King Amalric I during the expedition against Egypt in 1163.

Mleh then attacked the Templars at Baghras ; Bohemond III of Antioch appealed to King Amalric I of Jerusalem, who marched up into Cilicia and temporarily, its seems, restored Imperial rule.

In order to punish Mleh for his outrage against the count, Amalric I marched north into Cilicia in 1173 ; but the campaign achieved nothing except to check Mleh ’ s further expansion.

Shawar was restored and Dirgham was killed, but after quarrelling with Shirkuh, Shawar allied with Amalric I of Jerusalem, who marched into Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh at Bilbeis ( see Crusader invasion of Egypt ).

Shirkuh was sent back into Egypt in 1167, with Shawar once again allying with Amalric, who besieged Shirkuh in Alexandria until he agreed to leave ; however, a Crusader garrison remained in Egypt and Amalric allied with the Byzantine Empire, planning to conquer it entirely.

Humphrey IV was married to Isabella, King Amalric I's daughter ( Toron passed into the royal domain during their marriage but its title was returned to Humphrey IV after their divorce ).

Humphrey IV was married to Isabella, Amalric I's daughter ( Toron passed into the royal domain during their marriage, and was then captured by Saladin, but its title was returned to Humphrey IV after their divorce ).

In February 1310, Amalric sent Henry into exile in Armenia.

Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus.

Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria, having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during Amalric's absence.

In 1167, Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him, establishing a camp near Cairo ; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself.

In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt, and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty.

Meanwhile Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well, and upon his arrival Amalric retreated.

Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt in 1166, and Shawar again allied with Amalric, who was defeated at the Battle of al-Babein.

Amalric, however, not knowing of the diversion to Constantinople, raided Egypt in advance of the expected invasion.

Shirkuh engaged in a power struggle over Egypt with Shawar and Amalric I of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, in which Shawar requested Amalric's assistance.

* Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt.

Amalric had come to power in 1164 and had made it his goal to conquer Egypt.

Amalric turned towards Egypt because Muslim territory to the east of Jerusalem had fallen under the control of the powerful Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din.

In 1167 Amalric married Maria Comnena, grand-niece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and in 1168 the king sent William to finalize a treaty for a joint Byzantine-crusader campaign against Egypt.

William accused them of hindering the Siege of Ascalon in 1153 ; of poorly defending a cave-fortress in 1165, for which twelve Templars were hanged by King Amalric ; of sabotaging the invasion of Egypt in 1168 ; and of murdering Assassin ambassadors in 1173.

In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, for control of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc.

The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but Amalric could not hold the country while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem.

In 1168 Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more.

One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing.

In 1164, when Nur ed-Din, the emir of Aleppo knew that King Amalric I had left for Egypt, he struck at the Principality of Antioch and laid siege to the key-fortress of Harenc.

King Amalric I of Jerusalem hastened back from his invasion of Egypt to take control of the regency of Antioch ; Bohemond was freed, for a large ransom ( 150, 000 dinars ), in 1165 with the intervention of Amalric and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, his nominal overlord ; Manuel was also his brother-in-law, as he was married to Bohemond's sister Maria of Antioch.