They do not include earlier states of language, such as Middle Mongol or Old Japanese.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

This climate-induced collapse seems to have affected the whole of the Middle East, and to have coincided with the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

* Middle Bulgarian ( 12th to 15th century ) – a literary norm that evolved from the earlier Old Bulgarian, after major innovations were accepted.

The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language ( Old Bulgarian ) to a typical analytic language ( Modern Bulgarian ) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.

As Sir Charles Oman once said, `` it is no longer fashionable to declare that we can say nothing certain about Old English origins ''.

The New English Bible ( the Old Testament and Apocrypha will be published at a future date ) has not been planned to rival or replace the King James Version, but, as its cover states, it is offered `` simply as the Bible to all those who will use it in reading, teaching, or worship ''.

Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.

The vernacular name daisy, widely applied to members of this family, is derived from its Old English meaning, dægesege, from dæges eage meaning " day's eye ," and this was because the petals ( of Bellis perennis ) open at dawn and close at dusk.

After narrowly winning the Second Test at Lord's, dubbed " The Battle of the Ridge " because of a protrusion on the pitch that caused erratic bounce, Australia mounted a comeback on the final day of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford and sealed the series after a heavy collapse during the English runchase.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

The English word amber derives from the Arabic anbar, via Medieval Latin ambar and Old French ambre.

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Asgard is derived from Old Norse āss, god + garðr, enclosure ; from Indo-European roots ansu-spirit, demon ( see cognate ahura ) + gher-grasp, enclose ( see cognates garden and yard ).< ref >; See also ansu-and gher -< sup > 1 </ sup > in " Appendix I: Indo-European Roots " in the same work .</ ref >

The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, preserved in Old English in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ( Manuscript 383 ), and in a Latin compilation known as Quadripartitus, was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King Ceolwulf II of Mercia was deposed.

The Old English versions of Orosius's Histories against the Pagans and Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People are no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences.

Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge suggest this also for Bald's Leechbook and the anonymous Old English Martyrology.

The Alfred jewel, discovered in Somerset in 1693, has long been associated with King Alfred because of its Old English inscription " AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN " ( Alfred ordered me to be made ).

These scholars have claimed this element represents an Old English word amor, the name of a woodland bird.

The word acre is derived from Old English æcer originally meaning " open field ", cognate to west coast Norwegian ækre and Swedish åker, German Acker, Dutch akker, Latin ager, and Greek αγρός ( agros ).

Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa ( Old English: " tribal belief ") is another form of Germanic neopaganism that developed in the United States contemporaneous with Asatru.

* Æ, a letter used in Old English texts

He was able to write a letter in exile, with no access to a copy of the Scriptures, and quote from memory every verse in the Old Testament with reference to the Trinity without missing any.

Until 1945, Bulgarian orthography did not reveal this alternation and used the original Old Slavic Cyrillic letter yat (), which was commonly called двойно е ( dvoyno e ) at the time, to express the historical yat vowel or at least root vowels displaying the ya – e alternation.

In Old Castilian the letter x represented the sound written with sh in modern English, so the name was originally pronounced " ".

* The original readers of the letter were conversant in the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, as the author's usage shows.

Eth ( Ð, ð ; also spelled edh or eð ) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese ( in which it is called edd ), and Elfdalian.

However, a " flattist " approach was more or less shared by all the Fathers coming from the Syriac area, who were more inclined to follow the letter of the Old Testament.

The letter ' G ' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ⟨ c ⟩ to distinguish voiced from voiceless.

The name was not coined until many centuries after its creation, and comes from the Old Slavic glagolъ " utterance " ( also the origin of the Slavic name for the letter G ).

It derives from the Latin lyncea lynx, with the letter L confused with the definite article ( Italian lonza, Old French l ' once ).

This reference is based on a quote found in a letter written by T. S. Eliot, whose book Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats forms the basis of the musical.

* In Old English texts a macron above a letter indicates the omission of an m or n that would normally follow that letter.

In the English-speaking world, the Douay-Rheims Bible — translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France in 1582 ( New Testament ) and in Douai, France in 1609 ( Old Testament )— which was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in 1749 – 1752 ( the 1750 revision is that which is printed today ), was, until the prompting for " new translations from the original languages " given by Pope Pius XII in the 1942 encyclical letter Divino afflante spiritu and the Second Vatican Council, the translation used by most Catholics ( after Divino afflante spiritu, translations multiplied in the Catholic world, just as they multiplied in the Protestant world around the same time beginning with the Revised Standard Version, with various other translations being used around the world for English-language liturgies, ranging from the New American Bible, the Jerusalem Bible, the Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition, and the upcoming English Standard Version Catholic lectionary ).

That fact has been confirmed explicitly by the papal letter Industriae tuae ( 880 ) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was " invented by Constantine the Philosopher ".

It was derived from the Old English form of the letter g.

The letter г represents different consonants in Old East Slavic and Ukrainian.

The Russian ( and Old East Slavic ) letter г denotes.

In addition, further texts and monuments from Persepolis have been found, including a fragmentary Old Iranian inscription from Gherla, Romania ( Harmatta ) and a letter from Darius to Gadates, preserved in a Greek text of the Roman period.

The word riding is descended from late Old English * þriðing or * þriding ( recorded only in Latin contexts or forms, e. g., trehing, treding, trithing, with Latin initial t here representing the Old English letter thorn ).

The word “ cedilla ” is the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for this letter, ceda ( zeta ).

Thorn or þorn ( Þ, þ ) is a letter in the Old English, Gothic, Old Norse, and Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English.