Except for the Antikythera mechanism, an " out of the time " astronomical device, development of computing tools arrived in the beginning of the 17th century: Geometric-military compass by Galileo, Logarithms and Napier Bones by Napier, slide rule by Edmund Gunter.

This leap rule was proposed by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković, an astronomical delegate to the synod representing the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The synod also proposed the adoption of an astronomical rule for Easter: Easter was to be the Sunday after the midnight-to-midnight day at the meridian of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ( 35 ° 13 ' 47. 2 " E or UT + 22055 for the small dome ) during which the first full moon after the vernal equinox occurs.

This proposed astronomical rule was rejected by all Orthodox churches and was never considered by any Western church.

In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, this astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15.

Solving astronomical problems requires, for Copernicus, not a random search of unrelated tables, but a regular employment of the rules defining the entire discipline.

therefore, only with precise foreknowledge of the line frequencies is an astronomical search for the radio spectra of these molecules feasible.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

There is a large number of amateur astronomical societies around the world that serve as a meeting point for those interested in amateur astronomy, whether they be people who are actively interested in observing or " armchair astronomers " who may simply be interested in the topic.

In 1976 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) revised the definition of the AU for greater precision, defining it as that length for which the Gaussian gravitational constant ( k ) takes the value when the units of measurement are the astronomical units of length, mass and time.

The comparison of the ephemeris with the measured positions leads to a value for the speed of light in astronomical units, which is AU / d ( TDB ).

The best current ( 2009 ) estimate of the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) for the value of the astronomical unit in meters is A = m, based on a comparison of JPL and IAA – RAS ephemerides.

Only the product is required to calculate planetary positions for an ephemeris, which explains why ephemerides are calculated in astronomical units and not in SI units.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

It is probable that the first collection of astronomical observations and terrestrial omens was made for a library established by Sargon.

Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.

He made observations of eclipses and various astronomical objects and published catalogues of carefully determined magnitudes for some 300 stars using his own photometric system ( mean error = 0. 4 mag ).

As such, it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy: astroarchaeology ( an obsolete term for studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes ), history of astronomy ( which deals primarily with the written textual evidence ), and ethnoastronomy ( which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies ).

The astronomical date for this midpoint is nearer to 5 May or 7 May, but this can vary from year to year.

Thus he sought a position in astronomy, and in 1807 was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Director of the astronomical observatory in Göttingen, a post he held for the remainder of his life.

However, his astronomical clock and rotating armillary sphere still relied on the use of flowing water ( i. e. hydraulics ), while European clockworks of the following centuries shed this old method for a more efficient driving power of weights, in addition to the escapement mechanism.

Since prehistory, they have also been built as sepulchral monuments, or used for defensive, hunting, ceremonial, astronomical and other purposes.

* Velocity dispersion, the statistical variation of velocities about the mean velocity for a group of astronomical objects

The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem.

At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon.

The World Council of Churches proposed a reform of the method of determining the date of Easter at a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997: Easter would be defined as the first Sunday following the first astronomical full moon following the astronomical vernal equinox, as determined from the meridian of Jerusalem.

Amongst them may be mentioned a history of the dispute with Palamas ; biographies of his uncle and early instructor John, metropolitan of Heraclea, and of the martyr Codratus of Antioch ; funeral orations for Theodore Metochites, and the two emperors Andronicus ; commentaries on the wanderings of Odysseus and on Synesius's treatise on dreams ; tracts ‘ on orthography and on words of doubtful meaning ; a philosophical dialogue called Phlorentius or Concerning Wisdom ; astronomical treatises on the date of Easter, on the preparation of the astrolabe and on the predictive calculation of solar eclipses ; and an extensive correspondence.

German Protestant states used an astronomical Easter based on the Rudolphine Tables of Johannes Kepler between 1700 and 1774, while Sweden used it from 1739 to 1844.

This astronomical Easter was one week before the Gregorian Easter in 1724, 1744, 1778, 1798, etc.

Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory ( destroyed long before ) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden.

The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years, but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter of March 22 in 1742, 1744 and 1750.

After the adoption of the Gregorian solar calendar in 1753, three astronomical Easter dates were one week later than the Gregorian Easter in 1802, 1805 and 1818.

Until 1866 Finland continued to observe the astronomical Easter, which was one week after the Gregorian Easter in 1818, 1825, 1829 and 1845.

After an unspeakable siege, lasting the better part of two months, it was announced that the studio `` owed '' the government a tax debt in excess of eight million dollars while I, who had always remained aloof from such iniquitous practices as paying taxes on the salary I had earned and the little I legally inherited as Morris' helpless relict, was `` stung '' with a personal bill of such astronomical proportions as to `` wipe out '' all but a fraction of my poor, hard-come-by savings.

This synchronisation was inevitably imperfect, depending as it did on the astronomical realisation of UT2.

These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disk of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet, but as small objects in the outer Solar System were discovered, their volatile-based surfaces were found to more closely resemble comets, and so were often distinguished from traditional asteroids.

This value of the astronomical unit had to be obtained experimentally and so is was not known exactly.

With the definitions used before 2012, the astronomical unit was dependent on the heliocentric gravitational constant, that is the product of the gravitational constant G and the solar mass M < sub >☉</ sub >.

On a Sabbath in September, 1304, the letter was to be read before the congregation, when Jacob Machir Don Profiat Tibbon, the renowned astronomical and mathematical writer, entered his protest against such unlawful interference by the Barcelona rabbis, and a schism ensued.

Robert Hooke, in 1674, published his observations of γ Draconis, a star of magnitude 2 < sup > m </ sup > which passes practically overhead at the latitude of London, and whose observations are therefore free from the complex corrections due to astronomical refraction, and concluded that this star was 23 ″ more northerly in July than in October.

When James Bradley and Samuel Molyneux entered this sphere of astronomical research in 1725, there consequently prevailed much uncertainty whether stellar parallaxes had been observed or not ; and it was with the intention of definitely answering this question that these astronomers erected a large telescope at the house of the latter at Kew.

In the 1960s the work of the engineer Alexander Thom and that of the astronomer Gerald Hawkins, who proposed that Stonehenge was a Neolithic computer, inspired new interest in the astronomical features of ancient sites.

It has been proposed that Maya civilization | Maya sites such as Uxmal were built in accordance with astronomical alignments. The approach in the New World, where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in Amerindian civilizations, was markedly different.

Any individual alignment could indicate a direction by chance, but he planned to show that together the distribution of alignments was non-random, showing that there was an astronomical intent to the orientation of at least some of the alignments.

His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce ( Polflucht ) of the Earth's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient.

From 1869 to 1872, he was employed as an Assistant in Harvard's astronomical observatory, doing important work on determining the brightness of stars and the shape of the Milky Way.

The discovery that the comet was likely to collide with Jupiter caused great excitement within the astronomical community and beyond, as astronomers had never before seen two significant Solar System bodies collide.

Frenkel's work, however, was ignored by the astronomical and astrophysical community.

The conjunction of the sun and moon ( the astronomical new moon ) was calculated using the mean motions of both the sun and moon.