Discoveries recently made of old Biblical manuscripts in Hebrew and Greek and other ancient writings, some by the early church fathers, in themselves called for a restudy of the Bible.

The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were John Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century.

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, a situation which caused many different alphabets to evolve from it.

In early Greek testimonial Asia indicated central-western Anatolia.

The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers.

An early Greek fable ascribed counted among Aesop's Fables compares the rose to the amaranth to illustrate the difference in fleeting and everlasting beauty:

The Lesbian or Aeolic school of poetry " reached in the songs of Sappho and Alcaeus that high point of brilliancy to which it never after-wards approached " and it was assumed by later Greek critics and during the early centuries of the Christian era that the two poets were in fact lovers, a theme which became a favourite subject in art ( as in the urn pictured above ).

), Anatho ( Isidore Charax ), Anatha ( Ammianus Marcellinus ) by Greek and Latin writers in the early Christian centuries, Ana ( sometimes, as if plural, Anat ) by Arabic writers.

In early manhood ( c. 464 – 461 BC ) he went to Athens, which was rapidly becoming the centre of Greek culture.

Ahhiya ( wa ) has been identified with the Achaeans of the Trojan War and the city of Wilusa with the legendary city of Troy ( note the similarity with early Greek Wilion, later Ilion, the name of the acropolis of Troy ).

However the exact relationship of the term Ahhiyawa to the Achaeans beyond a similarity in pronunciation is hotly debated by scholars, even following the discovery that Mycenaean Linear B is an early form of Greek ; the earlier debate was summed up in 1984 by Hans G. Güterbock of the Oriental Institute.

The word astrology comes from the early Latin word astrologia, deriving from the Greek noun, ' account of the stars '.

Steiner began using the word to refer to his philosophy in the early 1900s as an alternative to theosophy, the term for Madame Blavatsky's movement, itself from the Greek, with a longer history with a meaning of " divine wisdom ".

Ludwig Ross, the German archaeologist appointed Curator of the Antiquities of Athens at the time of the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece, by his explorations in the Greek islands from 1835 onwards, called attention to certain early intaglios, since known as Inselsteine ; but it was not until 1878 that C. T. Newton demonstrated these to be no strayed Phoenician products.

The fact that the Aeginetan standard of weights and measures ( developed in the mid-7th century ) was one of the two standards in general use in the Greek world ( the other being the Euboic-Attic ) is sufficient evidence of the early commercial importance of the island.

Although Housman's early work and his sphere of responsibilities as professor included both Latin and Greek, he began to focus his energy on Latin poetry.

Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator, and his work with the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers contributed significantly to English Christianity, making the writings much more accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons.

1 and 2 Samuel were originally ( and still is in some Jewish bibles ) a single book, but the first Greek translation, produced in the centuries immediately before Christ, divided it into two ; this was adopted by the Latin translation used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century CE.

The Greek additions to Esther ( which do not appear in the Jewish / Hebrew ; see " Additions to Esther " below ) are dated to around the late 2nd century or early 1st BCE.

Throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, the area adjoining today's Battery Park City was known as the Greek quarter ; a long-standing reminder of the ethnic past was the former St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, which was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

* Thomas Hill Green: Modern liberal thinker and early supporter of positive freedom.

Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker

Epicurus was an early thinker to develop the notion of justice as a social contract.

Considering misunderstandings about Khayyám in the West and elsewhere, Hossein Nasr concludes by saying that if a correct study of the authentic rubaiyat is done, but along with the philosophical works, or even the spiritual biography entitled Sayr wa sulak ( Spiritual Wayfaring ), we can no longer view the man as a simple hedonistic wine-lover, or even an early skeptic, but a profound mystical thinker and scientist whose works are more important than some verses.

His influences were predominantly Greek, and yet he was an original thinker, and recorded some of the first information about the early music of the Christian church.

Einstein's personal history as an academic outsider from an early age, a self-confessed visual thinker, and a lifelong advocate of educational reform lends credibility to this hypothesis.

Hölderlin was also an important thinker in the development of German Idealism, particularly his early association with and philosophical influence on his seminary roommates and fellow Swabians Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.

According to Paul Berman, early Arab nationalist thinker Sati ' al-Husri was influenced by Fichte, a German philosopher famous for his conception of the nation-state and his influence on the German unification movement.

Another thinker who influenced him at this early period was Maine de Biran, whom Cousin regarded as the unequalled psychological observer of his time in France.

Leo TolstoyA main component of anarcho-pacifist strategy is civil disobedience as advocated by the early anarchist thinker Henry David Thoreau in the essay of the same name from 1849.

Averroes at the time of Dante Alighieri was probably the most widely condemned thinker in the medieval Christian world ... Averroism became virtually synonymous with atheism in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

* Charles Hall-a notable economic thinker, and early socialist.

The writings from the early Christian tradition during the time of the Roman Empire that are not classed in those of the Apostolic Fathers include the writings of the desposyni, the apocrypha ( including apocryphal gospels ), much of the pseudepigrapha, and the writings of unorthodox leaders, or heretics such as Marcion, an anti-Judaic thinker, and Valentinius, a pagan-Christian syncretist.

In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh early socialist thinker Robert Owen ( 1771 – 1851 ), sought to create a more perfect community.

Xun Zi, an early Confucian thinker, saw the necessity for legislation, but emphasised equally the importance of virtue on the part of the legislator and judiciary.

A very early thinker, Vannevar Bush, even suggested in 1945 As We May Think.

This continued interest in Machiavelli as a military thinker was not only caused by the fame of his name ; some of the recommendations made in the Art of War-those on training, discipline, and classification, for instance-gained increasing practical importance in early modern Europe when armies came to be composed of professionals coming from the most different social strata.

As a thinker, he was thoroughly grounded in Russian religious thought of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Valentinius, a mid-2nd century Gnostic thinker and preacher, was among the early Christians who attempted to align Christianity with middle Platonism.