While many scientific experts might agree on a common definition of the term " coast ", the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to jurisdiction, with many scientific and government authorities in various countries differing for economic and social policy reasons.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

Extending the logic of these measures, Green adumbrated a positive and collectivist definition of liberty, a concept of " public freedom " that justified legislative oversight of economic life, especially land ownership and use.

But this debate is more about basic economic theory ( the role of the factors in the economy ) than it is about the definition of the factors of production.

The International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) uses the following definition: " Income is increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants.

In recent years, economic or industrial espionage has taken on an expanded definition.

The goal was to create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it.

This definition is in accord with the view that political change is important for responding to economic, ecological and cultural challenges.

The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not consider many transfers to governments to be taxes.

This definition provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions.

Under the first definition, each depression will always coincide with a recession, since the difference between a depression and a recession is the severity of the fall in economic activity.

This definition also includes the economic performance of New Zealand from 1974 – 1992 and Switzerland from 1973 to the present, although this designation for Switzerland has been controversial.

An important base for the first definition of market socialism in economic theory is the Lange Model, which states that an economy in which all production is performed by the state, but in which there is a functioning price mechanism, has similar properties to a market economy under perfect competition, in that it achieves Pareto efficiency.

That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth, which is the definition of a recession.

In this definition, it is the active participation of the population as a whole, and workers in particular, in the management of economy that characterises democratic socialism, while nationalisation and economic planning ( whether controlled by an elected government or not ) are characteristic of state socialism.

The essential elements of CoSGOP are analysis of stakeholders ( identifying stakeholders ’ perceptions of problems, interests, and expectations ); analysis of problems and potentials ( including objective problems and problems and potentials perceived by stakeholders ); development of goals, improvement priorities, and alternatives ( requiring intensive communication and active stakeholder participation ); specification of an improvement program and its main activities ( based on priorities defined with the stakeholders ); assessment of possible impacts of the improvement program ; definition and detailed specification of key projects and their implementation ; continuous monitoring of improvement activities, feedback, and adjustment of the programme ( including technical and economic information and perceptions of stakeholders ).

Scholars outside China see this re-working of the definition of Maoism as providing an ideological justification for what they see as the restoration of the essentials of capitalism in China by Deng and his successors, who sought to " eradicate all ideological and physiological obstacles to economic reform ".

A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett ( 1976 ), who define an externality as “ a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency .” In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome.

The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have further complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban localities.

There is not one single definition for a mixed economy, but the definitions always involve a degree of private economic freedom mixed with a degree of government regulation of markets.

Essentially, economic neoliberalism can be derived by taking the classical neoliberal definition above and taking the protected personal sphere to solely refer to property rights and contract.

The definition of economic neoliberalism which has been presented focuses heavily on economic policies and has little to say about non-economic policy ( other than that they should not be allowed to interfere with the running of the free market ).

Regardless of rights and wrongs, a population and an area appropriate to a pre-World-War- 1 great power have been, following conquest, ruled against their will by a neighboring people, and have had imposed upon them social and economic controls they dislike.

Hands-off the economy was replaced by conscious guidance through planning -- the economic side of the constitutional revolution.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

They recognized that slavery was a moral issue and not merely an economic interest, and that to recognize it explicitly in their Constitution would be in explosive contradiction to the concept of sovereignty they had set forth in the Declaration of 1776 that `` all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

Others call it `` alienation '', and mean by that no simple economic experience ( as Marx does ) but a deep spiritual sense of dislocation.

The United States might well have exploited the opportunity provided by the European Recovery Program to push the hesitant European nations toward political federation as well as economic cooperation, but all proposals to this effect were rejected by the United States Government at the time.

But the Cunard line, influenced by unpleasant economic facts and not sentiment, has decided to keep the Queen Mary in service until next Spring at least.

They realize that by acting in concert, rather than individually, they will not be picked out as objects of retaliation -- economic and otherwise.

In that decade the partisan zeal to defend Mr. Hoover, and the party's failure to anticipate or cope with the depression, caused a great majority of Americans to see the Republican party as cold and lacking in any sympathy for the problems of human beings caught up in the distress and suffering brought on by the economic crash.

The pressure for our entry to the Common Market is mounting and we will proceed towards this amalgamated trade union by way of a purely `` economic thoroughfare '', or garden path, with the political ramifications kept neatly in the background.

There are other countries where, with skillful diplomacy, we may be able by our aid to give encouragement to those groups in government which would like to press forward with economic and social reform measures to promote growth.

recommend to the Congress from time to time authorization for construction and operation, or for participation in the construction and operation, of a demonstration plant for any process which he determines, on the basis of subsections ( A ) and ( B ) above, has great promise of accomplishing the purposes of this Act, such recommendation to be accompanied by a report on the size, location, and cost of the proposed plant and the engineering and economic details with respect thereto ; ;

undertake economic studies and surveys to determine present and prospective costs of producing water for beneficial consumptive purposes in various parts of the United States by the leading saline water processes as compared with other standard methods.

The problem in the policy officer's mind thus begins to take shape as a galaxy of utterly complicated factors -- political, military, economic, financial, legal, legislative, procedural, administrative -- to be sorted out and handled within a political system which moves by consent in relation to an external environment which cannot be under control.

With respect to Article 2,, paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ): Uses of Section 104 ( E ) and Section 104 ( G ) rupees: The Government of India will use the amount of rupees granted or loaned to it by the United States pursuant to paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) for projects to promote economic development with emphasis upon the agricultural sector including food reserve storage structures and facilities as may from time to time be agreed upon by the authorized representatives of the United States and the authorized representatives of the Government of India, in the following sectors: A.

The Government of India further agrees in cooperation with the Government of the United States, to coordinate the use of grant and loan funds provided for in paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) of Article 2, with such direct dollar assistance as may be made available by the Government of the United States of America, so that both sources of financing may be channeled to specific and clearly identifiable economic development programs and projects.

Selecting bunks by economic comparison is usually an individual problem.

Thus, although the agenda of external assistance in the economic sphere are cumulative, and many of the policies suggested for nations in the earlier stages remain relevant, the basic purpose of American economic policy during the later stages of development should be to assure that movement into a stage of self-sustaining growth is not prevented by lack of foreign exchange.

Convinced of the wisdom of their own actions, and reassured by the promises of their economic development programs, governments may fail to push outward to win more and more people to the national effort, becoming instead more rigid and inflexible in their policies.

Accordingly, the expanding markets for consumer goods and housing occasioned by the higher rate of household formation should enhance the general economic prospects of the Sixties.

Political interference in Africa and Asia and even in Latin America ( though limited in Latin America by the special interest of the United States as expressed in the Monroe Doctrine, itself from the outset related to European politics and long dependent upon the `` balance of power '' system in Europe ) was necessary in order to preserve both common economic values and the European `` balance '' itself.