The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the radius of curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field.

These ions, under the influence of the electric field, are accelerated into the cathode surface containing the sample, bombarding the sample and causing neutral sample atom ejection through the process known as sputtering.

Atom probes are unlike conventional optical or electron microscopes, in that the magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths.

Preparation is done, often by hand, to manufacture a tip radius sufficient to induce a high electric field, with radii on the order of 100 nm.

The application of the pulsed voltage to the sample allows for individual ions at the sample surface to have their electric field, and hence atomic bonding, temporarily disrupted.

Field ion microscopy techniques were initially construed as a modification of field emission, a technique which allows for a stream of electrons to be emitted from a sharp needle when subjected to a sufficiently high electric field (~ 3-6 V / nm ).

In field ion and atom probe methods, the polarity of the electric field is reversed, with a high positive field applied to the sample.

Field evaporation is an effect that can occur when an atom bonded at the surface of a material is in the presence of a sufficiently high and appropriately directed electric field, where the electric field is the differential of electric potential ( voltage ) with respect to distance.

Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field.

Whilst the magnification of both the field ion and atom probe microscopes is extremely high, the exact magnification is dependant upon conditions specific to the examined specimen, so unlike for conventional electron microscopes, there is often little direct control on magnification, and furthermore, obtained images may have strongly variable magnifications due to fluctuations in the shape of the electric field at the surface.

This corrugation gives rise to strong electric field gradients in the near-tip zone ( on the order of an atomic radii or less from the tip ), which during ionisation deflects ions away from the electric field normal.

Semi-conductor materials are often analysable in atom probe, however sample preparation may be more difficult, and interpretation of results may be more complex, particularly if the semi-conductor contains phases which evaporate at differing electric field strengths.

In 1879, Edwin Herbert Hall working at the Johns Hopkins University discovered the development of a voltage across conductors transverse to an electric current in the conductor and magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

The same can be said of shaving yet the electric razor has proved useful to many men.

The last type of guitar is commonly called an " acoustic-electric " or " electro-acoustic " guitar, as it can be played either " unplugged " as an acoustic or plugged in as an electric.

The electric string bass and upright string bass — depending on the circumstance — can be treated by the arranger as either string section or rhythm section instruments.

Using a solar roof, solar cells can provide electric power.

In many areas, battery expenses can be eliminated by attaching the building to the electric power grid and operating the power system with net metering.

If enough electric power is available, cooling can be provided by conventional air conditioning using a heat pump.

Through coupling of this magnification method with time of flight mass spectrometry, ions evaporated by application of electric pulses can have their mass-to-charge ratio computed.

The dry-heat form of electric bains-marie often consumes less energy, requires little cleaning, and can be heated more quickly than traditional versions.

The most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire, and SWNTs with diameters of an order of a nanometer can be excellent conductors.

More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:

A plasma can be formed by high temperature, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above.

High speed beams of cathode rays can also be steered and manipulated by electric fields created by additional metal plates in the tube to which voltage is applied, or magnetic fields created by coils of wire ( electromagnets ).

The process can culminate in corona discharges, streamers, leaders, or in a spark or continuous electric arc that completely bridges the gap.

Neodymium-iron-boron magnets can have up to 6 % of the neodymium substituted with dysprosium to raise the coercivity for demanding applications such as drive motors for hybrid electric vehicles.

Notably, the electric cardioversion ( to " shock " the heart ) is generally not indicated in ventricular fibrillation in digitalis toxicity, as it can increase the dysrhythmia.

The electric field from a dipole can be found from the gradient of this potential:

Davros can now fire electric bolts from his hand, although the hand is shot off shortly before his original creations arrive to defeat the new Daleks and transport Davros to face trial on Skaro.

The electromagnetic waves that compose electromagnetic radiation can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields.

Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields.

However in nonlinear media, such as some crystals, interactions can occur between light and static electric and magnetic fields — these interactions include the Faraday effect and the Kerr effect.

In one outstanding example, Whirlpool Corp. found that by switching to urethane foam insulation, they could increase the storage capacity of gas refrigerators to make them competitive with electric models.

Then the copper is passed through an electro-winning process to increase its purity: An electric current is passed through the resulting solution of copper ions.

The Honduran Congress assumed authority for setting electric prices beginning in 1986 but then became reluctant to increase rates.

When the electric field applied across an insulating substance exceeds in any location the threshold breakdown field for that substance, the insulator suddenly becomes a conductor, causing a large increase in current, an electric arc through the substance.

The jazz-type guitar was born as a result of using electric amplification to increase the volume of conventional acoustic guitars.

As with other electric propulsion variations, both specific impulse and thrust increase with power input, while thrust per watt drops.

The field strength at which breakdown occurs depends on the respective geometries of the dielectric ( insulator ) and the electrodes with which the electric field is applied, as well as the rate of increase at which the electric field is applied.

* Definition of Resonance-" The increase in amplitude of oscillation of an electric or mechanical system exposed to a periodic force whose frequency is equal or very close to the natural undamped frequency of the system.

Many factories saw a 30 % increase in output just from changing over to electric motors.

It is also relatively simple to increase the torque of an electric motor at the expense of speed, while it is much less common to do so with a fuel engine, perhaps due to its roughness.

Hence positive punishment is sometimes a confusing term, as it denotes the " addition " of a stimulus or increase in the intensity of a stimulus that is aversive ( such as spanking or an electric shock ).

The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a ' soft start-soft stop ' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station.

This means that when an electric field is applied, the electrons cannot increase their energy ( i. e., accelerate ) because there are no states available to the electrons where they would be moving faster than they are already going.

Both interactions cause an increase in movement of plasma through the magnetosphere ( driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere ) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.

Electroporation is the rapid increase in bilayer permeability induced by the application of a large artificial electric field across the membrane.

The 1955 Modernisation Plan promised expenditure of in excess of £ 1, 240 million ; steam locomotives would be replaced with diesel and electric locomotives, traffic levels would increase and the system was predicted to be back in profit by 1962.

Emerging applications in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles are driving the technology to reduce cost and weight and increase lifetime.