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An evolutionary psychology explanation is that increased anxiety serves the purpose of increased vigilance regarding potential threats in the environment as well as increased tendency to take proactive actions regarding such possible threats.
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The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.
In evolutionary psychology this may be applied to a wide range of human behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.
One view, especially held in evolutionary psychology, is that the presence of venomous spiders led to the evolution of a fear of spiders or made acquisition of a fear of spiders especially easy.
According to the theory, the human experience of moral obligations was the result of evolutionary pressures, which attached a sense of morality to human psychology because it was useful for moral development ; this entail that moral values do not exist independently of the human mind.
Evolutionary aesthetics refers to evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.
Bodily beauty, evolutionary psychology proposes that a symmetrical body signals genetical health to a potential mate and so is the product of a morphologically stable line of people who physically developed without interference by disease.
In " Intimate Behaviour " Morris studies the human side of intimate behaviour by comparing mans earlier evolutionary psychology to that of modern man and how man copes with an increasingly rigid society empty of physical interaction in public by enacting intimate behaviour in other forms in private or deviant behaviour in public.
A recent example is evolutionary psychologists ' criticism that the DSM does not differentiate between genuine cognitive malfunctions and those induced by psychological adaptations, a key distinction within evolutionary psychology, but one widely challenged within general psychology.
This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.
Such approaches may be based in scientific fields such as evolutionary psychology or sociobiology, with a focus on understanding and explaining observed ethical preferences and choices.
Since the late 1980s, the field has been revived in the wake of progress made in the related fields of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive science.
In game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology, an evolutionarily stable strategy ( ESS ) is a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players in a given environment, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare.
First developed in 1973, the ESS is widely used in behavioural ecology and economics, and has been used in anthropology, evolutionary psychology, philosophy, and political science.
* In evolutionary psychology, ESS is used primarily as a model for human biological evolution.
Evolutionary psychology ( EP ) is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.
Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions.
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that EP is not simply a subdiscipline of psychology but that evolutionary theory can provide a foundational, metatheoretical framework that integrates the entire field of psychology, in the same way it has for biology.
evolutionary and explanation
Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.
Since the overwhelming majority of scientists accept the modern evolutionary synthesis as the best explanation of current data, the term is seldom used in the scientific community ; to say someone is a scientist implies acceptance of evolutionary views, unless specifically noted otherwise.
" Simulation-based experiments in evolutionary game theory have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes.
Thus, from an evolutionary perspective men may have had more to gain from a large increase in resources than women have had, which may be one explanation for why men, and especially poor men, tend to gamble more than women.
An evolutionary psychology explanation for heroic risk-taking is that it is a costly signal demonstrating the ability of the hero.
* "... on cross-examination, Professor Behe was questioned concerning his 1996 claim that science would never find an evolutionary explanation for the immune system.
Subsequent experiments and observations have supported the initial evolutionary explanation of the phenomenon.
Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
Most professional biologists support the modern evolutionary synthesis, not merely as an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence.
Salzberg also argues that gene loss combined with sample size effects and evolutionary rate variation provide an alternative, more biologically plausible explanation.
Charles Darwin first noted a possible evolutionary explanation of beards in his work The Descent of Man, which hypothesized that the process of sexual selection may have led to beards.
One possible explanation of the origin of jealousy in evolutionary psychology is that the emotion evolved in order to maximize the success of our genes: it is a biologically based emotion ( Prinz after Buss and Larsen, 2004, p. 120 ) selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one ’ s own offspring.
Moreover, an evolutionary psychology explanation for conspicuous consumption proposes that it is a costly signal, similar to costly signals in other animals, which shows a person ’ s good socio-economic quality, and is intended to attract economic coalition partners and sexual mates.
Looking to systems theory for a reductive explanation of phenomenal experience and evolutionary foundations for higher order thought Retrieved Dec. 13, 2007.
An evolutionary psychology explanation for dowry and bride price is that bride price is common in polygynous societies which have a relative scarcity of available women.
The appearance of the child prodigy 10, 000 years ago: An evolutionary and developmental explanation.
An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.
Similar studies ( Ward & Voracek, 2004 ) focusing on the masculinization and feminization by society also argue for a social explanation, while discounting an evolutionary explanation.
One supporter of Wenner's theories, Julian O ' Dea, has proposed an evolutionary explanation for the " waggle dance " that does not involve communication from one bee to another, by claiming it may be a simple idiothetic movement that conveys no information.
Wilson & Sober's work has been part of a revival of interest in multilevel selection as an explanation for evolutionary phenomena.
evolutionary and is
While man shares this procreative function with all his predecessors in the evolutionary process, he is the only animal with a true non-instinctive and conscious creative ability.
Man's great superiority over these evolutionary forbears is in the development of his imagination.
The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians is a matter of debate.
Synapomorphies ( a character that is shared by two or more groups through evolutionary development ) include the presence in the plants of oligosaccharide inulin, a nutrient storage molecule used instead of starch ; and unique stamen morphology.
However, this theory is undermined by the disproportional fear of spiders in comparison to other, potentially dangerous creatures that were present during Homo sapiens environment of evolutionary adaptiveness.
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.
Individuals who survived to this, the latest and highest stage of evolutionary progress would be “ those in whom the power of self-preservation is the greatest — are the select of their generation .” Moreover, Spencer perceived governmental authority as borrowed from the people to perform the transitory aims of establishing social cohesion, insurance of rights, and security.
C. S. Lewis supported this argument and challenged the evolutionary naturalistic view of morality – that morality evolved and is a human construct – by arguing that without objective moral truths, moral scepticism would set in, leading to moral anarchy.
This account, supported by biologist E. O. Wilson and philosopher Michael Ruse, proposes that the human experience of morality is a by-product of natural selection, a theory philosopher Mark D. Linville calls evolutionary naturalism.
C. S. Lewis argued that, if evolutionary naturalism is accepted, human morality becomes worthless moral statements cannot be right or wrong.
This being is, according to Steiner, not only the Redeemer of the Fall from Paradise, but also the unique pivot and meaning of earth's evolutionary processes and of human history.
In the Nintendo / GameFreak video game franchise " Pokémon ", there are three creatures in the same evolutionary chain named Abra, Kadabra, and Alakazam ( the third of which is also an alleged magic word used by stage magicians ).
One argument claims that this is an instance of " devolution " -- showing an evolutionary trend of decreasing complexity.
Bryozoans ' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists ' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.
Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.
While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along more efficient, evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.
The area of research within computer science that uses genetic algorithms is sometimes confused with computational evolutionary biology, but the two areas are not necessarily related.
However, the use of molecular phylogenetics for dating evolutionary transitions is controversial.
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".
Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that increase an individual's fitness become more common, and heritable traits that decrease an individual's fitness become less common.
The outcome of a cladistic analysis is a cladogram – a tree-shaped diagram ( dendrogram ) that represents a phylogenetic hypothesis, a hypothesis on evolutionary relationships.
If evolutionary processes are blind to the difference between function F being performed by conscious organism O and non-conscious organism O *, it is unclear what adaptive advantage consciousness could provide.
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