Aberrations occur because the simple paraxial theory is not a completely accurate model of the effect of an optical system on light, rather than due to flaws in the optical elements.

Atom probes are unlike conventional optical or electron microscopes, in that the magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths.

The semi-opaque property of ink allows halftone dots of different colors to create an optical effect of full-color imagery.

In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications ( i. e. dermatology, dentistry ) utilize the erbium ion's 2940 nm emission ( see Er: YAG laser ), which is highly absorbed in water in tissues, making its effect very superficial.

This " group velocity dispersion " is an important effect in the propagation of signals through optical fibers and in the design of high-power, short-pulse lasers.

These characteristics make Hall effect devices better for position sensing than alternative means such as optical and electromechanical sensing.

Additional advantages of optical keyboard technology over other keyboard technologies such as Hall effect, laser, roll-up, and transparent keyboards lie in cost ( Hall effect keyboard ) and feel – optical keyboard technology does not require different key mechanisms, and the tactile feel of typing has remained the same for over 60 years.

Such mode-locked lasers are a most versatile tool for researching processes occurring on extremely short time scales ( known as femtosecond physics, femtosecond chemistry and ultrafast science ), for maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials ( e. g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and the like ) due to the large peak power, and in ablation applications.

The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state.

This is an optical staining technique and requires no stains or dyes to produce a color effect.

However, it has to be kept in mind that this is an optical effect, and the relief does not necessarily resemble the true shape.

This would permit the duplication of any sort of optical effect but virtually.

Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that it is in effect opaque, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges.

** Optical solitons, An equilibrium solution for either an optical pulse ( temporal soliton ) or Spatial mode ( spatial soliton ) that does not change during propagation due to a balance between diffraction and the Kerr effect ( e. g. Self-phase modulation for temporal and Self-focusing for spatial solitons ).

A side effect of textile optical whitening is to make the treated fabrics more visible with Night Vision Devices than non-treated ones.

Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect, for example, Philo Farnsworth's " Image dissector " used a screen charged by the photoelectric effect to transform an optical image into a scanned electronic signal.

These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as ' flame structure '.

In effect, this results in optical amplification.

The transmission coefficient for FTIR is highly sensitive to the spacing between the high index media ( the function is approximately exponential until the gap is almost closed ), so this effect has often been used to modulate optical transmission and reflection with a large dynamic range.

Some effects involved a combination of techniques ; a ray gun might require a pyrotechnic during filming, and then an optical glowing line added to the film image in post-production.

As a result, difference in transponder functionality also might influence the functional description of related optical modules like transceivers and muxponders.

The best strategy for observations might be to wait for the planet's transit of the Sun's disk, and then observe through a strong optical filter.

An operational, non-fictional cloaking device might be an extension of the basic technologies used by stealth aircraft, such as radar-absorbing dark paint, optical camouflage, cooling the outer surface to minimize electromagnetic emissions ( usually infrared ), or other techniques to minimize other EM emissions, and to minimize particle emissions from the object.

Le Nôtre employed an optical illusion called anamorphosis abscondita ( which might be roughly translated as ' hidden distortion ') in his garden design in order to establish decelerated perspective.

In this category one might include the laser printers, barcode readers, image scanning, illuminators, designators, optical data recording, combustion ignition, laser surgery, industrial sorting, industrial machining, and directed energy weaponry.

:* The Fizeau interferometer is shown as it might be set up to test an optical flat.

An optical mouse might use an image sensor having an 18 × 18 pixel array of monochromatic pixels.

Unlike mechanical mice, which can become clogged with lint, optical mice have no moving parts ; therefore, they do not require maintenance other than removing debris that might collect under the light emitter.

Teegarden's team thought that these dim stars might be found by data mining some of the huge optical sky survey data sets taken by various programs for other purposes in previous years.

It gained an international reputation for the manufacture of optical instruments of all kinds, and remains in business to this day, where the company might be most known for its broad selection of optical scopes and binoculars.

Triple stars that are not all gravitationally bound might comprise a physical binary and an optical companion, such as Beta Cephei, or rarely, a purely optical triple star, such as Gamma Serpentis.

A small number of rootkits may be considered utility applications by their users: for example, a rootkit might cloak a CD-ROM-emulation driver, allowing video game users to defeat anti-piracy measures that require insertion of the original installation media into a physical optical drive to verify that the software was legitimately purchased.

During a change in speed, the optical pickup inside the player might read video information from a track adjacent to the intended one, causing data from the two tracks to " cross "; the extra video information picked up from that second track shows up as distortion in the picture which looks reminiscent of swirling " barber poles " or rolling lines of static.

For example, on a Scantron or other optical ballot, an election official might fill in a circle that was not properly marked so that the machine may record the vote.

A monochromator's adjustment range might cover the visible spectrum and some part of both or either of the nearby ultraviolet ( UV ) and infrared ( IR ) spectra, although monochromators are built for a great variety of optical ranges, and to a great many designs.

* Maximum lens numerical aperture might be restricted due to the geometry of the optical path inside the assembly.

Because biases in object perception sometimes lead to errors ( e. g., optical illusions ), one might expect to find that biases in social perception likewise lead to errors ( e. g., underestimating the role social factors and overestimating the effect of personality and attitudes on behavior ).

Properties that might be desirable in photonic materials for optical neural networks include the ability to change their efficiency of transmitting light, based on the intensity of incoming light.

Upon initial observation there was some question as to whether the objects might be merely an optical double, but subsequent observation by the Hubble Space Telescope and the VLT has shown that the objects move together and are therefore presumably a binary system.

The electron optical system may be either a magnetic or electrostatic one.

It should be noted, however, that the paraxial resolution is quite similar for both electron optical systems.

Settled phosphors, as generally used in image intensifiers, have low optical contact with the substrate surface, hence Af shall be assumed.

It must be remembered that the fiber plates replace a glass window and a ( mica ) membrane, in addition to an optical output lens system.

However, the leveling operation can be maintained and controlled remotely with no mechanical or optical contact with the platform.

It is clear from this discussion that cosmologists of every persuasion look hopefully toward the day when a man-made satellite can be equipped with optical devices which will open up new vistas to science.

Several other oxidation states are known, which range from + 2 to + 7 and can be identified by their characteristic optical absorption spectra.

In 1989, the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took astrometry into orbit, where it could be less affected by mechanical forces of the Earth and optical distortions from its atmosphere.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

The and convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized (- glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary ;-glyceraldehyde is levorotatory ).

Microscopy can be categorized into three different fields: optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy.

The atoms should then be irradiated by optical radiation, and the radiation source could be an element-specific line radiation source or a continuum radiation source.

Let S ( fig. 5 ) be any optical system, rays proceeding from an axis point O under an angle u1 will unite in the axis point O ' 1 ; and those under an angle u2 in the axis point O ' 2.

When used in such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of optical telegraphy.

* the bandwidth of the output of some light source, e. g., an ASE source or a laser ; the bandwidth of ultrashort optical pulses can be particularly large

* the width of the frequency range that can be transmitted by some element, e. g. an optical fiber

Lastly, mechanical properties of these biopolymers can often be measured using optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy.

Guidance can be mechanical, optical or electromagnetic.

Such particles are normally invisible in an optical microscope, though their presence can be confirmed with the use of an ultramicroscope or an electron microscope.

Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as confocal microscopy.

In addition, phase transitions in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids.

The technique involves using optical lasers to create an interference pattern, which acts as a " lattice ", in which ions or atoms can be placed at very low temperatures.

Among his results, Gauss showed that under a paraxial approximation an optical system can be characterized by its cardinal points and he derived the Gaussian lens formula.