Ancient art was largely, but not entirely, based on the nine great ancient civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, China, Rome, India, the Celtic peoples, and Maya.

The Edicts of Ashoka established constitutional principles for the 3rd century BC Maurya king's rule in Ancient India.

Ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had an historically independent school of legal theory and practice.

The Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient India, ( circa 2600 BC ) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC.

Parts of Ancient India and Nepal where Buddhism originated were also for long periods Buddhist, and whether as a result of the Buddhist, Jain or Hindu promotion of the principle of ahimsa ( harmlessness ) many Indians remain vegetarian.

He was a key figure in the Axial Age, the period from 800 BC to 200 BC, during which similarly revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, Iran, the Near East, and Ancient Greece.

Weber's work in the field of sociology of religion started with the essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and continued with the analysis of The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism and Ancient Judaism.

This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East, ancient Iran, ancient Egypt, ancient Nubia, and Anatolia ( Turkey ), Ancient Nok, Carthage, the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China, ancient and medieval India, ancient and medieval Japan, amongst others.

* Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past: A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200, Routledge.

* Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century, Dorling Kindersley, 2008, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.

Political philosophy originates in Ancient India with the Hindu text Manusmṛti, or Laws of Manu and Chanakya's Arthashastra.

Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the Ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and Africa.

Foreign Trade and Commerce In Ancient India.

Slavery was known in almost every ancient civilization, and society, including Sumer, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, the Hebrews in Palestine, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas.

Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece ( see Academy ), ancient Rome ( see Education in Ancient Rome ) ancient India ( see Gurukul ), and ancient China ( see History of education in China ).

The first known states were created in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the Americas ( e. g. Aztec civilization, Inca civilization ) and others, but it is only in relatively modern times that states have almost completely displaced alternative " stateless " forms of political organization of societies all over the planet.

Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of economic sociology and his rationalization thesis: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism ( 1915 ), The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism ( 1915 ), and Ancient Judaism ( 1920 ).

In the Chronicles of George the Monk and Symeon Logothetes, the following genealogy occurs: " To the lot of Shem fell the Orient, and his share extended lengthwise as far as India and breadthwise ( from east to south ) as far as Phinocorura, including Persia and Bactria, as well as Syria, Media ( which lies beside the Euphrates River ), Babylon, Cordyna, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Arabia the Ancient, Elymais, India, Arabia the Mighty, Coelesyria, Commagene, and all Phoenicia.

* Exotic Tribes of Ancient India

* Kingdoms of Ancient India

In Ancient Greek, there was no ablative case ; its functions were taken by the genitive, so that the genitive had functions belonging to the Proto-Indo-European genitive and ablative cases.

However, early church documents, such as those of the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) had always listed the Pope of Rome first among the Ancient Patriarchs ( first four, and later five: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem — collectively referred to as the Pentarchy ).

The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich.

Ancient cultures had no conception of computing beyond simple arithmetic.

This was a major discovery in an important field of mathematics ; construction problems had occupied mathematicians since the days of the Ancient Greeks, and the discovery ultimately led Gauss to choose mathematics instead of philology as a career.

The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta.

Ancient resources as well as recent archaeological evidence suggest that, at one point, Caligula had the palace extended to annex this structure. When several kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he cried out " Let there be one Lord, one King ".

Like the term " tyrant " ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ), and to a lesser degree " autocrat ", " dictator " came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive, even abusive rule, yet had rare modern titular uses.

Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French.

Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments.

Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit had ways of altering or inflecting nouns to mark roles which are not specially marked in English, such as the ablative case (" John kicked the ball away from the house ") and the instrumental case (" John kicked the ball with his foot ").

Ancient Greek poetry in general had strong philosophical tendencies and Hesiod, like Homer, demonstrates a deep interest in a wide range of ' philosophical ' issues, from the nature of divine justice to the beginnings of human society.

By the time of Cicero he had become " the dark " ( Ancient Greek — ) because he had spoken nimis obscurē, " too obscurely ", concerning nature and had done so deliberately in order to be misunderstood.

Ancient societies had " elaborate systems of duties ... conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights ".

In Ancient Greece, Spartan King Leonidas I, hero of the legendary Battle of Thermopylae, was married to his niece Gorgo, daughter of his half-brother Cleomenes I. Greek law allowed marriage between a brother and sister if they had different mothers.

Jurisprudence already had this meaning in Ancient Rome even if at its origins the discipline was a ( periti ) in the jus of mos maiorum ( traditional law ), a body of oral laws and customs verbally transmitted " by father to son ".

Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages.

Ancient Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month.

According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile, hence the name, which means ' black bile ', from Ancient Greek μέλας ( melas ), " dark, black ", + χολή ( kholé ), " bile "; a person whose constitution tended to have a preponderance of black bile had a melancholic disposition.

The Ancient Order of Druids founded in 1781 had many aspects of freemasonry, and have practised rituals at Stonehenge since 1905.

The first Western literature, including the Hurrian – Hittite literature, the first Greek polis and the two main schools of Ancient Greek philosophy seem to originate in this region.

Ancient Nubia shared many aspects of its mythology with ancient Egypt and there is debate about the original source of some religious concepts that the two cultures share and, whether the assimilation was from Nubia to Egypt, the reverse, or through continuing exchanges.

The Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenaean cultures are represented, and the Greek collection includes important sculpture from the Parthenon in Athens, as well as elements of two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos.

Ancient Chinese records mention two kings, Shrutavarman and Shreshthavarman who ruled at the capital Shreshthapura located in modern day southern Laos.

In the Roman Republic there were two heads of state, styled Consul, both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office, similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age.

Finnish folklorist Kaarle Krohn proposes that 20 of the 45 poems of The Kalevala are of possible Ancient Estonian origin or they at least deal with a motif of Estonian origin ( of the remainder, two are Ingrian and 23 are Western Finnish ).

In Road to Xanadu ( 1927 ), a book length study of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, John Livingston Lowes claimed that the poems were " two of the most remarkable poems in English ".

" Lowes then concluded about the two works: " Not even in the magical four and fifty lines of ' Kubla Khan ' is sheer visualizing energy so intensely exercised as in ' The Ancient Mariner.

Harold Bloom, in 2010, argued that Coleridge wrote two kinds of poems and that " The daemonic group, necessarily more famous, is the triad of The Ancient Mariner, Christabel, and ' Kubla Khan.

Beginning around the 3rd century BC, it took two centuries to become a dominant literature of Ancient Rome, with many educated Romans still reading and writing in Ancient Greek, as late as Marcus Aurelius ( 121 – 180 AD ).

They sought to surpass two famous contemporary temples, the Heraion of Samos and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Ancient trees include two giant olive trees in Arraba and five trees in Deir Hanna, both in the Galilee region, which have been determined to be over 3, 000 years old, although the credibility of the study that produced these dates has been questioned.

The idea that the Middle Ages was a " middle " phase between two other large scale periodizing concepts, Ancient and Modern, still persists.

A twenty first century series, " Chronicles of Ancient Darkness " by Michelle Paver tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfill a prophecy and save their Clans from the evil Soul Eaters.

Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer ; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.

Ancient Greek has two verbs for crucify: ana-stauro ( ἀνασταυρόω ), from stauros, " stake ", and apo-tumpanizo ( ἀποτυμπανίζω ) " crucify on a plank.

The Ancient Greek natural philosopher Archimedes in his essay The Sand Reckoner, estimated the diameter of the cosmos to be the equivalent in stadia of what we call two light years.

Symbiosis ( from Ancient Greek σύν " together " and βίωσις " living ") is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species.

Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguished between two ' types ' of memory: the ' natural ' memory and the ' artificial ' memory.

The early ballista in Ancient Rome was developed from two weapons called oxybeles and gastraphetes.

In other languages, however, such as Ancient Greek, they occupy two and three morae, respectively, with the first element rather than the diphthong as a whole behaving as a short or long vowel.

A final candidate for prehistoric surgical techniques is Ancient Egypt, where a mandible dated to approximately 2650 BCE shows two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth.

* In Ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year.