The mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry, particularly in nomadic societies of Asia, notably the Mongol armies.

Characters explore Ancient ruins and strange post-apocalyptic societies to gain knowledge of the Ancients and social status for themselves.

Common adventure themes involve protecting fragile post-apocalypse societies, retrieving Ancient " artifacts " ( science fiction gadgetry such as power armor, laser pistols, and anti-grav sleds ), or mere survival against the multifarious dangers of the future ( such as gun-toting mutant rabbits, rampaging ancient death machines, or other Gamma Worlders bent on mayhem ).

With the emergence of monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the king promoted his own family god, Yahweh, as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered, as it was also for other societies in the Ancient Near East.

Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Nok culture, Mali Empire, Ashanti Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, the Aksumite Empire, the Ajuuraan State and the Adal Sultanate.

In some societies, such as those of Ancient Egypt and others, brother – sister, father – daughter, and mother – son, cousin-cousin, uncle-niece, aunt-nephew, and other permutations of relations were practiced among royalty as a means of perpetuating the royal lineage.

The first known states were created in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the Americas ( e. g. Aztec civilization, Inca civilization ) and others, but it is only in relatively modern times that states have almost completely displaced alternative " stateless " forms of political organization of societies all over the planet.

Numismatists have collections of these monetary tokens, which include coins from some Ancient World large-scale societies, although initial usage involved unmarked lumps of precious metal.

* c. 8000 BC — Middle East — Ancient flint tools from north and central Arabia belong to hunter-gatherer societies

Drawing upon the work of Margaret Murray and Robert Graves, Stone postulates a prehistoric matriarchal religion, painting ancient societies, including Ancient Egypt as matriarchal paradises, destroyed by the patriarchal Indo-Europeans.

“ Ethnographic examples ‘ third genders ’ can come from distinct societies located in Thailand, Polynesia, Melanesia, Native America, western Africa, and elsewhere and from any point in history, from Ancient Greece, to sixteenth century England to contemporary North America.

Examples of such epics include the Nibelungenlied of the Germanic people, the Iliad for the Ancient Greeks and Hellenized societies, the Silappadhikaram of the South Indian people, the Ramayana and Mahabharata of the North Indian people, the Gilgamesh of the Mesopotamian-Sumerian civilization and the people of the Fertile Crescent at large, The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian nights ) of the Arab world and the Sundiata epic of the Mandé people.

To a larger extent, the same can said of all the Ancient Iranian peoples, as second only to perhaps the bow, horses were held in reverence and importance in these societies as their preferred and mastered medium of warfare, due to an intrinsic link throughout history with the domestication and evolution of the horse.

In A History of News, author Mitchell Stephens ( professor of journalism and mass communication at New York University ) notes sensationalism can be found in the Ancient Roman Acta Diurna ( official notices and announcements which were presented daily on public message boards, the perceived content of which spread with enthusiasm in illiterate societies ).

Ancient art refers to the many types of art that produced by the advanced cultures of ancient societies with some form of writing, such as those of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Greece and Rome.

The revivalists deny that the same legal and political rules which applied to theocratic state of Ancient Israel should apply directly to modern societies which are no longer directly ruled by Israel's prophets, priests, and kings.

Ancient societies tried to explain the physical mysteries of nature by ascribing mental conditions to them in such statements as " the sea is angry ".

* The Ancient Americas displays 13, 000 years of human ingenuity and achievement in the Western Hemisphere, where hundreds of diverse societies thrived long before the arrival of Europeans.

Examples of matrilocal societies include the people of Ngazidja, the Ancient Pueblo Peoples of Chaco Canyon, the Nair community in Kerala in South India, the Moso of Yunnan and Sichuan in southwestern China, the Siraya of Taiwan, and the Minangkabau of western Sumatra.

Ancient Greek and Roman societies are the most typical examples of this mode.

While for Webb the use of this hermeneutic moves to highlight the progressive liberation of women and slaves from oppressive male / bourgeois dominance, the prohibition of homosexual acts consistently moves in a more conservative manner than that of the surrounding Ancient Near East or Graeco-Roman societies.

He also acted repeatedly as president of the overall association of German societies of Ancient History.

It was worn by Athenian tragic actors, hunters and soldiers in Ancient Greek, Etruscan, and Roman societies.

The basis of literature and art in this time were references back to times with Ancient Greek and Roman societies and mythology.

In Ancient Greek, there was no ablative case ; its functions were taken by the genitive, so that the genitive had functions belonging to the Proto-Indo-European genitive and ablative cases.

However, early church documents, such as those of the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) had always listed the Pope of Rome first among the Ancient Patriarchs ( first four, and later five: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem — collectively referred to as the Pentarchy ).

The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich.

Ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had an historically independent school of legal theory and practice.

Ancient cultures had no conception of computing beyond simple arithmetic.

The Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient India, ( circa 2600 BC ) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC.

This was a major discovery in an important field of mathematics ; construction problems had occupied mathematicians since the days of the Ancient Greeks, and the discovery ultimately led Gauss to choose mathematics instead of philology as a career.

The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta.

Ancient resources as well as recent archaeological evidence suggest that, at one point, Caligula had the palace extended to annex this structure. When several kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he cried out " Let there be one Lord, one King ".

Like the term " tyrant " ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ), and to a lesser degree " autocrat ", " dictator " came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive, even abusive rule, yet had rare modern titular uses.

Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French.

Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments.

Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit had ways of altering or inflecting nouns to mark roles which are not specially marked in English, such as the ablative case (" John kicked the ball away from the house ") and the instrumental case (" John kicked the ball with his foot ").

Ancient Greek poetry in general had strong philosophical tendencies and Hesiod, like Homer, demonstrates a deep interest in a wide range of ' philosophical ' issues, from the nature of divine justice to the beginnings of human society.

By the time of Cicero he had become " the dark " ( Ancient Greek — ) because he had spoken nimis obscurē, " too obscurely ", concerning nature and had done so deliberately in order to be misunderstood.

In Ancient Greece, Spartan King Leonidas I, hero of the legendary Battle of Thermopylae, was married to his niece Gorgo, daughter of his half-brother Cleomenes I. Greek law allowed marriage between a brother and sister if they had different mothers.

Ancient India had two philosophical streams of thought: The Shramana philosophical schools, represented by Jainism movement, and the Brahmana / Vedic / Puranic schools represented by Vedanta, Vaishnava and other movements.

Jurisprudence already had this meaning in Ancient Rome even if at its origins the discipline was a ( periti ) in the jus of mos maiorum ( traditional law ), a body of oral laws and customs verbally transmitted " by father to son ".

Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages.

Ancient Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month.

According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile, hence the name, which means ' black bile ', from Ancient Greek μέλας ( melas ), " dark, black ", + χολή ( kholé ), " bile "; a person whose constitution tended to have a preponderance of black bile had a melancholic disposition.

The Ancient Order of Druids founded in 1781 had many aspects of freemasonry, and have practised rituals at Stonehenge since 1905.