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The Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient India, ( circa 2600 BC ) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC.
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Indus and Valley
Boats played a very important part in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia.
Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered in various Indus Valley sites.
Other more recent findings, dated between 7, 000 and 6, 395 BC, come from Jericho, Catal Hüyük, and the ancient Indus Valley cities of Buhen, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Mehrgarh.
Ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 4500 BC in early Indus Valley cities.
The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization.
Inhabitants of the Indus Valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin.
Fifteen centuries earlier, the Indus Valley Civilization was using grids in such cities as Mohenjo-Daro.
Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization of ancient India
Mohenjo-daro, a World Heritage site that was part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions.
Among the early Old World cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50, 000 or more.
The oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel represented a centralised authority.
The main citadel in Indus Valley was almost 12 meters tall.
The dry bed of the Hakra River runs through the area, along which many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found.
As mentioned above, the Indus Valley has always been occupied by the wandering nomadic tribes, who are fond of isolated areas, as such areas allow them to lead life free of foreign intrusion, enabling them to establish their own individual and unique cultures.
The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1700 BCE, in and around western Punjab region located in present-day India and Pakistan.
The Cemetery H culture is part of the Punjab Phase, one of three cultural phases that developed in the Localization Era of the Indus Valley Tradition.
* Indus Valley Tradition
It has been suggested that a seal from bronze age India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization and referred to as Pashupati resembled Cernunnos.
A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjodaro archaeological site in the Indus Valley ( 2900BC-1900BC ) has drawn attention as a possible representation of a " yogi " or " proto-Shiva " figure.
Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin.
The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to early peoples, who discovered obtuse triangles in the ancient Indus Valley ( see Harappan Mathematics ), and ancient Babylonia ( see Babylonian mathematics ) from around 3000 BC.
Parallel developments were meanwhile occurring in Egypt, which by the 32nd century BC had been unified to form the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and amongst the peoples of the Indus Valley in north-western India.
Babylonia was conquered by the Kassites, and the civilization of the Indus Valley was on decline probably due to climate.
Indus and Civilization
The Indus Civilization was the earliest center of ceramics, and thus the pottery of Cholistan has a long history.
According to Parpola, ceramic similarities between the Indus Civilization, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Iran during 4300 – 3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period ( Copper Age ) suggest considerable mobility and trade.
Early inhabitants, around 3000 BC were likely to have been connected through culture and trade to neighboring civilizations like Jiroft and Tappeh Sialk and more distantly to the Indus Valley Civilization.
Urban civilization may have begun as early as 3000 BC, and it is possible that the early city of Mundigak ( near Kandahar ) was a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was the first major civilization in South Asia.
The Indus Valley Civilization ( IVC ) was a Bronze Age civilization ( 3300 – 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 – 1900 BCE ) which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent, considered as early form of Hinduism performed during this civilization.
# REDIRECT Indus Valley Civilization
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab.
The Indus Valley Civilization ( also known as Harappan culture ) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE.
Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization
The chert weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations.
The ascription of Indus Valley Civilization iconography and epigraphy to historically known cultures is extremely problematic, in part due to the rather tenuous archaeological evidence of such claims, as well as the projection of modern South Asian political concerns onto the archaeological record of the area.
# redirect Indus Valley Civilization
* Dholavira-Located in Gujarat, India Indus Valley Civilization city.
Indus and Ancient
This area of rolling hills is thus located on the western edge of the Indus valley, where, around 2500 BCE, a large urban civilization emerged at the same time as those of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Egypt.
Ancient cities of the Indus valley civilization.
For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River ; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek civilization.
The earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India as well as Classical Antiquity.
More extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to Ancient India, during the Indus Valley Civilazation.
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley.
There is both literary and archaeological evidence of trade between Ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization ( probably correctly identified with the land called Meluhha in Akkadian ).
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
For the ceramics of Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley, see Egyptian faience
Considered one of the world's leading experts on the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, Dr. Kenoyer is involved in the development of a new center for its study in Gujarat, India, as part of the Global Heritage project.
* 2010 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, 2nd, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
* 2010 Ancient India: From the Indus Valley to The Gupta Period.
* 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.
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