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Andronikos II also had at least two illegitimate daughters:
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Andronikos and II
Andronikos was now formally proclaimed as co-emperor before the crowd on the terrace of the Church of Christ of the Chalkè, and not long afterwards, on the pretext that divided rule was injurious to the Empire, he caused Alexios II to be strangled with a bow-string ( October 1183 ).
The novel describes the events of the reigns of Manuel I, Alexios II and Andronikos I through the eyes of Agnes.
The murder, and the general dissolute behaviour of Andronikos and his coterie, mostly the young scions of the Empire's great aristocratic clans, resulted in a deep rift in the relations between him and his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos.
From there he waged an intermittent civil war against his grandfather, which first secured him recognition of his post as co-emperor, and ultimately led to the deposition of Andronikos II in 1328.
Gold hyperpyron of Andronikos II, kneeling before Christ.
Andronikos II Palaiologos () ( 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332 ), Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, was Byzantine emperor from 1282 to 1328.
On 8 November 1273, Andronikos II married Anne of Hungary ( 1260 – 1281 ), daughter of the king Stephen V of Hungary.
Andronikos II Palaiologos was born at Nicaea.
Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unpopular Church union with the Papacy ( which he had been forced to support while his father was still alive ), but was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310.
Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue ( in nominal coins ) that it had done previously.
Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet ( 80 ships ) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of Venice and Genoa.
Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the Byzantine Empire through diplomacy.
Andronikos II also attempted to marry off his son and co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos to the Latin Empress Catherine I of Courtenay, thus seeking to eliminate Western agitation for a restoration of the Latin Empire.
Another marriage alliance attempted to resolve the potential conflict with Serbia in Macedonia, as Andronikos II married off his five-year old daughter Simonis to King Stefan Milutin in 1298.
Andronikos II and Michael IX Palaeologus ( Silver basilikon ).
In spite of the resolution of problems in Europe, Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in Asia Minor, despite the successful, but short, governorships of Alexios Philanthropenos and John Tarchaneiotes.
The dissolute behavior of Michael IX's son Andronikos III Palaiologos led to a rift in the family, and after Michael IX's death in 1320, Andronikos II disowned his grandson, prompting a civil war that raged, with interruptions, until 1328.
The conflict precipitated Bulgarian involvement, and Michael Asen III of Bulgaria attempted to capture Andronikos II under the guise of sending him military support.
In 1328 Andronikos III entered Constantinople in triumph and Andronikos II was forced to abdicate.
On 8 November 1273 Andronikos II married as his first wife Anna of Hungary, daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman, with whom he had two sons:
A favorite of his paternal grandfather Andronikos II in the later years of his reign.
Andronikos and also
According to Nicephorus Gregoras, Andronikos also had an illegitimate daughter, Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond.
Andronikos also assembled a fleet of 100 ships to stop the Norman fleet from entering the Sea of Marmara.
The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but was captured ( note that by some, Andronikos not only survived, but also managed to escape to the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of Cyprus ).
He was also related to the imperial dynasty through his wife Eirene Asanina, a second cousin of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos.
Some sources report that Uzbeg also married Andronikos III's illegitimate daughter, who had taken the name Bayalun, and who later, after relations between the Horde and the Byzantines deteriorated, fled back to the Byzantine Empire, apparently fearing her forced conversion to Islam.
Andronikos IV was also given the city of Selymbria ( Silivri ) as his personal domain.
Andronikos II Palaiologos also named Roger de Flor, leader of the Catalan Grand Company, kaisar in 1304.
Sometime later Andronikos also defaced or destroyed most images of Maria in Constantinople.
Andronikos had two sons by his first wife ; he also had a young son and daughter from his affair with Theodora.
In violation of the treaty with Andronikos, the city's governor seized the vessel with its cargo, passengers, and crew and also sent a fleet to plunder Perateia.
They also travelled to Baghdad, and then to the Sultanate of Rüm where Andronikos was made lord of a castle in Paphlagonia.
Andronikos and had
Together with his father and brothers, Alexios had conspired against Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ( c. 1183 ), and thus he spent several years in exile in Muslim courts, including that of Saladin.
The subsequent years witnessed the gradual extinction of Byzantine rule in Asia Minor, as Orhan of the Ottoman Turks, who had already defeated Andronikos III at Pelekanos in 1329, took Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337.
Earlier Andronikos III had effected the recovery of the islands of Lesbos and Chios from Martino Zaccaria in 1329 ( although the island remained under Benedetto III Zaccaria until 1330 ) and of Phocaea in 1334 from the last Genoese governor Domenico Cattaneo.
In August of 1334 Stefan Dusan and Andronikos made peace, and the forces of Andronikos were allowed to retake control of those parts of Macedonia that Syrgiannes had captured.
After Anna died in 1281, in 1284 Andronikos II then married Yolanda ( renamed Irene ), a daughter of Marquis William VII of Montferrat, with whom he had:
Although Andronikos was at that time fifty-six years old, age had not diminished his charms, and Theodora became the next victim of his artful seduction.
They were well received by the king, George III of Georgia, whose anonymous sister had probably been Andronikos ’ first wife.
When Andronikos arrived he found that his authority was overthrown: Isaac had been proclaimed Emperor.
Andronikos I Komnenos was married twice and had numerous mistresses.
By his mistress Theodora Komnene, Andronikos I had the following issue:
When they reached Astrakhan, Uzbeg Khan had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of Greek Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, to return to her home city of Constantinople to give birth.
He married Yolande Palaeologina of Montferrato granddaughter of Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and had 5 children, only 2 lived to adulthood:
Michael VIII entered the city on 15 August and had himself crowned together with his infant son Andronikos II Palaiologos.
When Andronikos arrived he found that during his absence he had lost popular support, and that Isaac had been proclaimed emperor.
John had no imperial ambitions of his own, and refused to be crowned co-emperor despite being offered the opportunity by Andronikos III Palaiologos several times during the reign of latter.
By his wife Irene Asanina, a daughter of Andronikos Asan ( son of Emperor Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria by Eirene Palaiologina, herself daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ), John VI Kantakouzenos had several children, including:
In June 1422, John VIII Palaiologos supervised the defense of Constantinople during a siege by Murad II, but had to accept the loss of Thessalonica which his brother Andronikos had given to Venice in 1423.
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