In 278 BC the Gauls broke into Anatolia, and a victory that Antiochus won over these hordes is said to have been the origin of his title of Soter ( Gr. for " saviour ").

In 205 / 204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus is said ( notably by Polybios ) to have concluded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions.

It was said Antiochus told his son before he left to battle the Persians with Alexander that his real father was actually the god Apollo.

In 64 BC, Pompey had him deposed and killed by a Syrian chieftain Sampsiceramus I. Antiochus ' death is traditionally said to have ended the Seleucid dynasty, but he was survived by Philip II Philoromaeus for a short time.

Antiochus of Syracuse said that it was originally called Metabus, from a hero of that name, who appears to have been identified with the Metapontus who figured in the Greek mythical story as the husband of Melanippe and father of Aeolus and Boeotus.

Antiochus was said to be a vile person with no conscience about sacred and holy things.

Meanwhile, the birth of a son of Antiochus, by Laodice, is said to have excited in the mind of this ambitious minister the project of getting rid of the king himself, in order that he might rule with still more uncontrolled authority under the name of his infant son.

A revival would begin when Seleucus II's younger son, Antiochus III the Great, took the throne in 223 BC.

Although initially unsuccessful in the Fourth Syrian War against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the Battle of Raphia ( 217 BC ), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself.

To meet these demands would have meant Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire.

It was during the campaign in Greece under Glabrio, and, as it would appear from the account of Plutarch, ( rejected by the historian Wilhelm Drumann ) before the Battle of Thermopylae, that Cato was chosen to keep Corinth, Patrae, and Aegium, from siding with Antiochus.

Antiochus himself would marry his full-blooded sister Iotapa.

Under the terms of this pact, Macedon were to receive Egypt's possessions around the Aegean Sea and Cyrene, while Antiochus would annex Cyprus and Egypt.

Some of them also mention Seleucus in association with his son Antiochus as king, which would also imply a date as late as 293 BC.

He competed with his second cousin Antiochus XIII Asiaticus for the favours of the great Roman general, but Pompey would have none of them and had Antiochus murdered.

This would suggest that Antiochus was knowledgeable about, if not fully initiated into Hermeticism.

Some believe that Hannibal was present at Magnesia, this is false however because Hannibal, who had commanded the fleet and lost at Eurymedon, had retreated and then fled to Crete for fear that Antiochus would lose and turn him over to the Romans.

A popular anecdote regarding the array of the two armies is that Antiochus supposedly asked Hannibal whether his vast and well-armed formation would be enough for the Roman Republic, to which Hannibal tartly replied, " quite enough for the Romans, however greedy they are.

Hebrew versions of the tale in the Megillat Antiochus and the Chronicles of Jerahmeel identify " Holoferenes " as Nicanor whence the name " Holofernes " in the Greek version would be a deliberately cryptic name similar to the use of " Nebuchadnezzar " for Antiochus.

The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king Antiochus II issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotos would have become independent there early in Antiochus ' reign.

Finally, in 190, he was elected consul along with Scipio's younger brother Scipio Asiaticus but failed to win the campaign against Antiochus III the Great which would have enrichened him.

When his friend Scipio Africanus announced that, if his brother Lucius was chosen to lead the campaign against Antiochus, he would accompany his brother as a legate, the decision was inevitable-Lucius would be preferred.

Through his daughter, Balbillus would become the maternal grandfather of Capitolina ’ s children with Epiphanes who were: Prince Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos and Princess Julia Balbilla.

He was the teacher of Antiochus of Ascalon who would become his adversary in the Platonist school.

In opposition to his disciple Antiochus, he would not admit a separation of an Old and a New Academy, but would rather find the doubts of scepticism even in Socrates and Plato, and not less perhaps in the New Academy the recognition of truth which burst through its scepticism.

Along with his sister Laodice VI, the youngster Alexander was " discovered " by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, an usurper in Media who had been executed by the reigning king Demetrius I Soter.

Critics of Daniel, at least since the third century works of Porphyry view the Book of Daniel as a pseudepigraph dated around 165 BCE that concerns itself primarily with the Maccabean era and the reign of the Seleucid king Antiochus Epiphanes.

According to John J. Collins in his 1993 commentary, Daniel, Hermeneia Commentary, the Aramaic in Daniel is of a later form than that used in the Samaria correspondence, but slightly earlier than the form used in the Dead Sea Scrolls, meaning that the Aramaic chapters 2-6 may have been written earlier in the Hellenistic period than the rest of the book, with the vision in chapter 7 being the only Aramaic portion dating to the time of Antiochus.

Algarotti had made acquaintance with Antiochus Kantemir.

For years in a manner similar to what befell the Roman provinces under the Germans or the Irish under the Normans, the chieftains and their war bands ravaged the western half of Asia Minor, as allies of one or other of the warring princes, without any serious check, until they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax, who reigned in Asia Minor.

It was in Larissa that Philip V of Macedon signed in 197 BC a treaty with the Romans after his defeat at Cynoscephalae, and it was there also that Antiochus III, the Great, won a great victory, 192 BC.

He observes that " Mithras — moreover, a Mithras who was identified with the Greek Sun god Helios " was among the gods of the syncretic Graeco-Armenian-Iranian royal cult at Nemrut founded by Antiochus I of Commagene in the mid 1st century BC.

However, the project ground to a halt again in 164 BC with the death of Antiochus.

With the end of the Macedonian wars – which ran concurrently with the Punic Wars – and the defeat of the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great in the Roman – Syrian War ( Treaty of Apamea, 188 BC ) in the eastern sea, Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and one of the most powerful cities in classical antiquity.

His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire.

Antiochus I ( reigned 281 – 261 BC ) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos ( reigned 261 – 246 BC ) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor — distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together.

" He ( Antiochus ) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India ; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians ; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether ; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him ".

When he returned to the west in 205 BC, Antiochus found that with the death of Ptolemy IV, the situation now looked propitious for another western campaign.

Encouraged by the exiled Carthaginian general Hannibal, and making an alliance with the disgruntled Aetolian League, Antiochus launched an invasion across the Hellespont.

Even so, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid, Philip II, contested rule with Antiochus.

** Antiochus Hierax, younger brother of Seleucus II, who has fought with him over the control of the Seleucid dominions in the Middle East ( b. c. 263 BC )

There, although the time he spent in administrative duties slowed the flow of paintings from his brush, he executed Antiochus and Stratonice ( executed for Louis-Philippe, duc d ' Orléans ), Portrait of Luigi Cherubini, and the Odalisque with Slave, among other works.

** Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius ' forces

Xenoetas, one of Antiochus ' generals, is sent against Molon with a large force, but is surprised by Molon's forces and his whole army is cut to pieces and Xenoetas is killed.

* With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West.