Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

Azerbaijan currently has diplomatic relations with 160 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Republic of India, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

Jews from Arab countries – mainly Mizrahi Jews and Yemenite Jews – are today usually not categorised as Arab.

The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in Morocco and Tunisia.

Dozens of large cities and hundreds of towns reflect pronounced urban character of the Arab world ; in most of the countries about 70 percent of people are urban dwellers.

Arab culture is a term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arab countries, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries.

Arabic music is the music of Arab people or countries, especially those centered on the Arabian Peninsula.

In certain Gulf Arab countries, " bachelor " can refer to men who are single as well as immigrant men married to a spouse residing in their country of origin ( due to the high added cost of sponsoring a spouse onsite ), and a colloquial term " executive bachelor " is also used in rental and sharing accommodation advertisements to indicate availability to white-collar bachelors in particular.

It frequently received aid from those countries and the regional financial institutions they influenced, such as the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development.

This system is in widespread use in all Arab countries, but is accompanied by the Hijri system.

In Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, dill is called shibint and is used mostly in fish dishes.

The varieties of Arabic are considerably different from each other-especially those spoken in North Africa ( Maghreb ) from those of the Middle East ( the Mashriq in the broad definition including Egypt and Sudan )-and had there been the political will in the different Arab countries to cut themselves off from each other, the case could have been made to declare these varieties as separate languages.

However, in adherence to the ideas of Arab Nationalism, the Arab countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic which is common to all of them, conduct much of their political, cultural and religious life in it ( adherence to Islam ), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur ' an.

Most Arab countries were skeptical about the " Eisenhower doctrine " because they considered " Zionist imperialism " the real danger.

Egypt is one of the few countries in the Middle East, and the only Arab state, with a reconnaissance satellite and has launched another one in 2007.

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt ’ s “ natural role ” among Arab countries.

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab – Israeli War ended in 1979 with the Egyptian – Israeli Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords.

Both being predominantly Arab countries they are members of the Arab League, GAFTA, WTO, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Council of Arab Economic Unity and the United Nations.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

Arab people, also known as Arabs (, ʿarab ), are a panethnicity as are about half of Arabs in Australia who come particularly from Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian territories.

The invasion of Persia was completed five years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and all of the Persian territories came under Arab control, though pockets of tribal resistance continued for centuries in the Afghan territories.

This agreement divided many Arab territories into British-and French-administered areas and allowed for the internationalisation of Palestine.

* The Palestine Liberation Organization of the disputed territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip received support from Libya, as well as many other Arab states.

Others, including all of the Arab states, hold that the resolution calls for withdrawal from all of the occupied territories.

Yemen supports the Arab Peace Initiative, which calls for Israel's full withdrawal from all occupied territories and the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in exchange for full normalization of relations with all Arab states in the region.

The war ended in an Arab defeat and Israel's occupation of several Arab territories, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Israeli military forces withdraw from the Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord, which marked the end of the First Intifada ( a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993 ).

The USSR, India, Mali, Nigeria and Arab States all proposed that the resolution be changed to read " all territories " instead of " territories.

In acablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations 15 May 1948, the former justified the action in the opening words of the Cablegram, On the occasion of the intervention of Arab States in Palestine to restore law and order and to prevent disturbances prevailing in Palestine from spreading into their territories and to check further bloodshed ,..

By reference to " resolutions of Arab Summits " and " UN resolutions since 1947 " ( like SC 242 ) it implicitly and perhaps ambiguously restricted its immediate claims to the Palestinian territories and Jerusalem.

It was accompanied by a political statement that explicitly mentioned SC 242 and other UN resolutions and called only for withdrawal from " Arab Jerusalem " and the other " Arab territories occupied.

The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa.

In a Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations 15 May 1948, the former justified the action in the opening words of the Cablegram, On the occasion of the intervention of Arab States in Palestine to restore law and order and to prevent disturbances prevailing in Palestine from spreading into their territories and to check further bloodshed ,.

By May 1967, bookstores in 117 countries and territories around the world – including Great Britain, France, Spain, Japan, Russia, Germany, Italy, Nepal, Indonesia, Burma, Iran, Arab and African nations and others – were distributing Mao's Quotations.

Supporters of a Palestinian right of return argue that refugees, displaced persons, and all their descendants have a right to return and a right to property they left or were forced to leave in what is now Israel and the Palestinian territories ( formerly part of the British Mandate of Palestine ) as result of the 1948 Arab – Israeli War and the 1967 Six-Day war.

However the United Arab Emirates switched to using litres on 1 January 2012.

According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappae mundi ( Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek ) including one of Christopher Columbus.

The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the focus of the racial profiling debate from street crime and “ driving while Black ” to terrorism and “ flying while Arab .” According to a June 4 – 5, 2002 FOX News / Opinion Dynamics Poll, 54 % of Americans approved of using “ racial profiling to screen Arab male airline passengers .” A 2002 survey by Public Agenda tracked the attitudes toward the racial profiling of Blacks and people of Middle Eastern descent.

The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labor.

* 1250 – Crank-driven screw and screwpump developed in the Arab world using Al-Jazari's crankshaft

Byzantines began to strongly fortify the city in order to prevent another Arab invasion, using materials from the ancient buildings of the area.

The Arab village of Az-Zeeb was established during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, the houses erected using the stones of the Crusader castle.

Sometime before 851 CE, an Arab merchant in China, Abu Zayd Hasan, witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans.

In August 2001, bin al-Shibh sent approximately $ 14, 000 to Zacarias Moussaoui, using the alias Ahad Sabet, a few days after receiving transfer of $ 15, 000 from Hashim Abdulrahman in the United Arab Emirates.

Another large tradition of using the Golden Eagle can be found in the Arab world, where the eagle is historically a symbol of power in Arabic poetry, and was according to legend the personal emblem of Saladin.

Colonel T. E. Lawrence and other British officers led Arab irregulars on a guerrilla campaign against the Ottomans, using strategy and tactics developed during the Boer Wars.

States using 999 include the United Kingdom, Kingdom of Swaziland, Ireland, Poland, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Macau, Bahrain, Qatar, Bangladesh, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, Zimbabwe, and Trinidad and Tobago.

A number of Arab countries has forces called " Republican Guard ", using them as praetorian or elite military forces, in order to strengthen leaders ' rule.

The Journal subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9 / 11, using contacts it had developed during its business coverage of the Arab world.

From 1921 to 1937 al-Husseini was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, using the position to promote Islam and rally a non-confessional Arab nationalism against Zionism.

Taarab is a popular genre descended from Islamic roots, using instruments from Africa ( percussion ), Europe ( guitar ), Arab Middle East ( oud and qanun ) and East Asia ( taishokoto ).

As part of its focus on this so-called " human factor ," Israeli security officers interrogate travelers using racial profiling, singling out those who appear to be Arab based on name or physical appearance.

He is accused by some academics in Israel of only using Israeli and never Arab sources, creating an " unbalanced picture ".

In his reply, Pappé accused Morris of using mainly Israeli sources, and disregarding Arab sources, which he cannot read.

During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British Army and the Palestine Police Force using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the Arab population and undermine popular support for the revolt.

The British ended the revolt using harsh measures, deporting many Palestinian Arab leaders and shutting down the AHC.

The Arab Legion entered Palestine with other Arab Forces on May 15, 1948 using the Allenby, now King Hussein, bridge as they were advancing to cover the approaches from Jenin, in the north to Alaffoula and from Al-Majame ' a bridge on the Jordan River to Bissan Alaffoula.