There is considerable evidence that the Spartans, certainly in the archaic period, were not educated as one-sidely as Aristotle asserts.

Empiricism ( sometimes associated with Aristotle but more correctly associated with British philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume, as well as their ancient equivalents such as Democritus ) asserts that sensory impressions are the only available starting points for reasoning and attempting to attain truth.

This story is, however, contradicted by Aristocles, who asserts that he never mentioned Aristotle but with the greatest respect.

Among these schools are the tradition of practical reason extending from Aristotle through Kant to Habermas, which asserts that they can, and the tradition of emotivism, which maintains that they are merely expressions of emotions and have no rational content.

In chapter 2, Aristotle asserts that there is one highest aim, happiness, and it must be the same as politics should have, because what is best for an individual is less beautiful ( kalos ) and divine ( theios ) than what is good for a people ( ethnos ) or city ( polis ).

* Money making, which Aristotle asserts to be a life based on aiming at what is pursued by necessity in order to achieve higher goals, an intermediate good.

And such virtue will be good, beautiful and pleasant, indeed Aristotle asserts that in most people different pleasures are in conflict with each other while " the things that are pleasant to those who are passionately devoted to what is beautiful are the things that are pleasant by nature and of this sort are actions in accordance with virtue ".

Concerning this point, Aristotle asserts that even though people with a bad character may be ignorant and even seem unable to choose the right things, this condition stems from decisions which were originally voluntary, the same as poor health can develop from past choices ; and " while no one blames those who are ill-formed by nature, people do censure those who are that way through lack of exercise and neglect ".

While Aristotle asserts that the matter ( and parts ) are a necessary cause of things ( viz., the material cause ), he says that nature is primarily the essence or formal cause ( 1. 193b6 ), that is, the information, the whole species itself.

Aristotle asserts that a citizen is anyone who can take part in the governmental process.

And most of the great periods are represented, because we will compare Plato and Aristotle from the golden age of Greece ; ;

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

What we today call Aristotelian logic, Aristotle himself would have labeled " analytics ".

His industry in every department was great, and though we find in his system many gaps which are characteristic of scholastic philosophy, his protracted study of Aristotle gave him a great power of systematic thought and exposition.

Although ancient Greek philosophers believed in individual virtue ethics, philosophers like " Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics not accept the formal principle that whatever the good is, we should seek only our own good, or prefer it to the good of others.

'" When Aristotle characterizes rhetoric as the antistrophe of dialectic, he no doubt means that rhetoric is used in place of dialectic when we are discussing civic issues in a court of law or in a legislative assembly.

The knowledge we have of them derives from accounts of later philosophical writers ( especially Aristotle, Plutarch, Diogenes Laërtius, Stobaeus and Simplicius ), and some early theologians, ( especially Clement of Alexandria and Hippolytus of Rome ).

He gives several examples purporting to render descriptivism implausible as a theory of how names get their references determined ( e. g., surely Aristotle could have died at age two and so not satisfied any of the descriptions we associate with his name, and yet it would seem wrong to deny that he was Aristotle ).

Unlike with Aristotle, we have no complete works by the Megarians or the early Stoics, and have to rely mostly on accounts ( sometimes hostile ) by later sources, including prominently Diogenes Laertius, Sextus Empiricus, Galen, Aulus Gellius, Alexander of Aphrodisias and Cicero.

There is nothing in those two fragments to suggest that Archilochus is speaking in those roles ( we rely entirely on Aristotle for the context ) and possibly many of his other verses involved role-playing too.

But for them, we should be without the most important fragments of the writings of the Eleatics, of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Diogenes of Apollonia, and others, which were at that time already very scarce, as well as without many extracts from the lost books of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Eudemus: but for them we should hardly be able to unriddle the doctrine of the Categories, so important for the system of the Stoics.

" The style of these works, as of the botanical books, suggests that, as in the case of Aristotle, what we possess consists of notes for lectures or notes taken of lectures ," his translator Arthur Hort remarks.

Given this definition of matter, we can distinguish between what Aristotle calls " proximate matter " and what he calls " non-proximate matter ".

Note that eudaimonia, the term we translate as " happiness ", is for Aristotle an activity rather than an emotion or a state.

It will help to explain something about how we form concepts, according to Aristotle.

Aristotle does not think that we literally aim for eudaimonia.

The book's central concern is the primal question asked by Aristotle, " How should we live?

So, we can meaningfully say that Aristotle was not the teacher of Alexander.

'" If we all agreed to call that object, " The ship of Aristotle ," then it would validly become the Ship of Aristotle.

In the first of these, in Paris in 1210, it was stated that " neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of excommunication.

Aristotle was particularly concerned with the problem of future contingents, where he could not accept that the principle of bivalence applies to statements about future events, i. e. that we can presently decide if a statement about a future event is true or false, such as " there will be a sea battle tomorrow ".

Aristotle considered it important that there be a certain distance between the work of art on the one hand and life on the other ; we draw knowledge and consolation from tragedies only because they do not happen to us.

The Chicago contingent of modern critics follow Aristotle so far in this direction that it is hard to see how they can compare one poem with another for the purpose of evaluation.

An early attempt to understand memory can be found in Aristotle ’ s major treatise, On the Soul, in which he compares the human mind to a blank slate.

Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD.

Aristotle wrote that ambiguity can arise from the use of ambiguous names, but cannot exist in the facts themselves:

In his Categories, Aristotle identifies ten possible kinds of thing that can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition.

Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as a synonym for rule by the rich, for which the exact term is plutocracy, but oligarchy is not always a rule by wealth, as oligarchs can simply be a privileged group, and do not have to be connected by bloodlines as in a monarchy.

Following Aristotle ’ s lead, Kant considered that knowledge can only be had through experience of particulars.

The study of proverbs is called: paremiology ( from Greek παροιμία-paroimía, " proverb ") and can be dated back as far as Aristotle.

The antecedents of Western politics can be traced back to the Socratic political philosophers, Plato ( 427 – 347 BC ), Xenophon ( c. 430 – 354 BC ), and Aristotle (" The Father of Political Science ") ( 384 – 322 BC ).

These authors, in such works as The Republic and Laws by Plato, and The Politics and Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, analyzed political systems philosophically, going beyond earlier Greek poetic and historical reflections which can be found in the works of epic poets like Homer and Hesiod, historians like Herodotus and Thucydides, and dramatists such as Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides.

Aristotle also distinguished " things infinite in respect of divisibility " ( such as a unit of space that can be mentally divided into ever smaller units while remaining spatially the same ) from things ( or distances ) that are infinite in extension (" with respect to their extremities ").

) Also, Aristotle indicated that the same thing can be the cause of contrary effects-as its presence and absence may result in different outcomes.

Kant claimed that this problem could be solved with his " transcendental logic " which unlike normal logic is not just an instrument, which can be used indifferently, as it was for Aristotle, but a theoretical science in its own right and the basis of all the others.

Aristotle, for example, stated that phantasia ( imagination: that which can hold images or phantasmata ) and phronein ( a type of thinking that can judge and understand in some sense ) also exist in some animals.

The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle.

This taxonomy implies a concept of containment or that an idea will be stable forever. The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle.

In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of Herodotus, Thucidides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato and Aristotle.

A general idea of the content of On Speeds can be gleaned from Aristotle's Metaphysics XII, 8, and a commentary by Simplicius of Cilicia ( 6th century CE ) on De caelo, another work by Aristotle.

It is also a misconception that this reversal can be brought about by a higher power ( e. g. the law, the gods, fate, or society ), but if a character ’ s downfall is brought about by an external cause, Aristotle describes this as a misadventure and not a tragedy.

His philosophy can be seen as a synthesis of Aristotle and early Christian doctrine as formulated by Boethius and Augustine of Hippo, although sources such as Maimonides and Plato and the aforementioned Muslim scholars are also cited.

His commentaries can, therefore, be regarded as the richest in their contents of any that have come down to us concerning Aristotle.

Aristotle uses the concept of a Stentor in his Politics Book 7, Chapter IV saying, " For who can be the general of such a vast multitude, or who the herald, unless he have the voice of a Stentor?

Quite recently Martin Litchfield West identified 306 lines as a core sequence of verses that can be reliably attributed to Theognis since they contain mention of Cyrnus and are attested by 4th century authorities such as Plato and Aristotle, though the rest of the corpus could still contain some authentic verses.